Functionalism, AI, Determinism: Key Concepts

• Metaphysics is the study of reality, including the existence and nature of things.
• Epistemology is the study of knowledge, focusing on its nature and how humans obtain it.

Ancient Greek Mythology

• Focused on gods and a disordered world.
• A war started based on a meteor.

Thales of Miletus

• He was the first philosopher and scientist.
• He viewed the universe as a cosmos and tried to predict natural patterns.
• He aimed to understand and explain nature, not for practical reasons.
• He fell into a well and was laughed at.

Socrates

• He sought truth about virtue and the good life, questioning people on important life topics.
• Employed the Socratic Method, questioning people to expose implications and inconsistencies.
• He made people feel foolish, ultimately leading to his execution.

Objection to Philosophy

• Philosophy lacks practical value if it prioritizes truth over practical gain.

Sophism

• Sophism equates to wisdom.
• Sophists were initially respected but later despised.

Sophism on Truth and Relativism

• Humans cannot know objective truth; therefore, truth is relative to culture or individual.
• Example: The color of a dress is subjective (white and gold vs. black and blue).

Sophism and Care for Truth

• Protagoras was the first to argue against the possibility of contradiction in dialectic.
• He declared that any subject has two mutually opposed arguments.

Sophism and Political Gain

• Sophists used rhetoric for "practical cunning" to manipulate people, rather than seeking truth.
• Lawyers, advertisers, and politicians use this approach today.

Practical Benefits of Philosophy

• Self-awareness is a practical benefit.
• Investigating, forming, and living "the good life" is important.
• It helps people to think originally and not follow the crowd without question.
• Philosophy develops bull-crap detection skills.
• It helps people acknowledge their own biases and not be stupid.
• Reasoning skills are a key benefit.

Good Reasoning: The Argument

• An argument is a series of statements where some provide support/evidence for another.
• A premise supports or provides evidence for a conclusion.
• A conclusion asserts a point as true.
• Example: "Socrates is human" and "Humans are mortal" are premises leading to the conclusion "Therefore Socrates is mortal."

Good Reasoning: Deductive Arguments

• If the premises are true, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true.
• A deductive argument is sound with true premises and valid reasoning.
• Example: Modus ponens: If p then q, p, therefore q (If the bears eat me I will be dead, the bear eat me, so I am dead).
• Example: Modus tollens: If p then q, not q, therefore not p (If the bear eats me I will be dead, I am not dead, so the bear didn't eat me).

Good Reasoning: Inductive Arguments

• Premises make the conclusion probable, inference to the best explanation.
• Example: If the bear is angry, and stepping between her and her cubs best explains her anger, then stepping between the cubs is likely the cause.

Logical Fallacies

• Straw Person: Misrepresenting an argument to refute it easily.
• Example: Responding to "I want to watch TV" with "Why don't want to talk to me!"
• Appeal to Popularity: Arguing something is true because it's popular.
• Example: Claiming McDonald's must be good because billions have eaten there.
• Illicit Appeal to Authority: Improperly basing a conclusion on an authority's opinion.
• This fallacy is committed if the authority is not an expert, or if the authorities disagree.
• Question Begging: Assuming the conclusion is true in the premise.
• Example: "Elmo is in jail because innocent people aren't in jail, so Elmo is guilty".
• Appeal to Emotion: Using emotion as the basis for belief, instead of evidence,.
• Ad Hominem: Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
• Example: Rejecting someone's view on premarital sex because they are a "boring old prude."
• False Analogy: Making a comparison that is not relevant.
• Example: Chocolate has cavities, so gummy bears do too; but "chocolate is messy, so love is".
• Fallacy of Composition: Assuming what's true of the parts must be true of the whole.
• Example: Claiming that one beer won't get you drunk, so 24 beers won't either.
• Fallacy of Equivocation: Using the same word in different senses within an argument..
• Example: "Pizza is better than nothing, and nothing is better than sex, so pizza is better than sex."
• Reductio ad Absurdum: Arguing a claim is false because it leads to an absurd conclusion.
• Shifting the Burden of Proof: Demanding that the opponent disprove a claim, rather than proving it.
• Example: Asserting belief in emotionless rats without needing a reason and demanding proof.

Correspondence Theory

• States a statement is true if it aligns with reality.
• Example: It is true the sky is blue, if the sky really is blue.
• Realism exists, which is objective truth independent of human language, perception or agreement.
• Objection: Comparison Problem - In order for a belief to be based on objective reality, we need to access it.
• Objection: Matching Problem - Beliefs can not correspond with independent facts.

Coherence Theory

• Believes a belief is if it is consistent with a larger set of beliefs.
• Comparison problems are easier to access.
• Objection: Two Consistent Accounts - Possible for beliefs to align with your own or others.
• Objection: Coherence Without Truth - Makes internal consistent novels with beliefs non true.
• If Coherence can set beliefs if it's not true, then it's not true.

Pragmatic Theory

• Believes a belief is pragmatic if it works and is helpful.
• Argument for Pragmatic Theory - Focus on how our own beliefs help and hurt us.
• Correspondence theory believes reality helps survive the world, but with beliefs to help achieve it.
• Coherent theory believes the mind should follow beliefs to help survival.
• Objection: Useful Falsehoods - Believing falsehoods can be useful.
• Objection: Useless Truths - Somethings a true but harmful

Relativism

• A belief is true relative to an individual or culture's belief system.
• Anti-realism - Objective truth is not knowable to human, it's based on own perception.
• Objection: Reality Exists - There is still reality we are perceiving and conceptualizing.
• Relativism and Perception - Visual Report on objects will differ.
• Relativism and Conceptualization - Reality experienced is shaped by concepts.
• Relativism and Correspondence Theory - Truth does not exist from the outside world.
• Relativism and Coherence Theory - Consistency shows the truth in some cultures.
• Relativism and Pragmatism - Truth assumes pragmatic values such as power is in the best interest

Rorty - Objection to Relativism

• Beliefs are only true for them, but only true for people

Haack - Objection : Care for Truth

• It is important to go against relativity and teach the truth.

Milesian Materialism

• Materialism - Only matter exists , such as earth air, and fire.
• Change - Matter is constantly in motion, everything revolves and the waves churn.
• Objection - Knowledge Fails - We can't know a claim is true because the facts disappear.

Heraclitus

• Believes matter exists such as water, fire, and air.
• Fire is the most central element and source of change.

No Change

• Something that changes is different.
• The universe is a freeze frame movie

Eleatic Idealism - (Parmenides & Zeno)

• Only ideas exist such as definitions and numbers.
• Sameness - Ideas that exist like animals.
• Objection - Change Exists - The real world is changing fast

Zeno

• Eleatic Idealist introduces paradoxes in motion.

Parmenides

• If there is something new, there is something destroyed.

Subsrtratum Theory (Locke & Aristotle)

• Objects = Properties + substratum
• Properites = Attribute
• Substratum = Base
• Objection - Unobservable

Substratum Thoery on change and the same

• Objects change property but remain the same.

Aristotle Substratum Thoery

• Object are ideal and material and a dog is shaped that matter.

Locke's Bare Substratum Theory

• Hard to remove substratum from the object
• Bare Substratum theory on the Mona Lisa - Its a forgery but has its Bare Substratum

Bundle Theory

• Objects are bundles of property
• Identity of Indiscernible - If they have the same property, its the same.

Hume's Bundle Theory

• You can experience things but not substratum.

Perdurantism

• Substances are a whole, and change will occur through time.
• Objection - Objections only exist presently.

Plato on Teleportation and person

• Soul
• Young become adults but their body changes.

Objections Changing Soul

• Everything changes.

Reid And the unchanged thinking substance

• Reid grants desires belief but the thinking does not change.

Reid on Pefect Identity vs Imperfect Identity

• If its changing when referred to its imperfect identity.
• Its refered to as perfect when thinking stays the same.
• Objection - Soul Switching - Personality makes you

Hume's Unchanging self not experienced

• Belief has to be experienced.

Self as a bundle of perceptions

• Mankind is nothing but a bundle of collecting different perceptions.

Reducationism

Buddha

• No self or permanence

Locke on Identity

locke on forotton state

• are you the same body? no
• Are you human? yes
• are you the same person? no

Objections responsibility fails

• Locke said its not you.

Animalism

• Connection to body

Body theory

• Conected through looks

Brain Theory

• Idnetity conecteds with brains

Parfit's brain transplant

• Its one of offsprings.

Ojection changing body

• Bodies change so its hard to tell

Reletional thoery

• where people are defined by those around them

Baier Reletioinal theory and objection

Ojection interposter : Who are you now

Chapter 5

• Mind and brain
• Dualism - dual- two diffrent things

Arguement for Dualism

• Mind= Thinking Concious Free
• Brain: space mass Chemicald

Arguement for conceivably

• Impossible for what
• its possible with the soul.

Interactionalist

• The body influences the soul.
• soul can cause action.
• Objection, Mind is not materal its hard to touch.
• objuction, physical calut compleneess

Solutoion Epinialistism and objection

• Obejections do not show what.
• It is too intreated to happen.

Mind Brain Indentity

• The identity is identical. and they both exist.
• Argment fir simplicit arguremtn

Main brain correlation

• From brain the mental states
• Arguement for mind Brain identity

Functionalism

• Its functional has
• Mental statues have a function

Functionality and multiply

Turning tests

• How can machine thing

Object CHinese room

• Response only shows understanding .

Functioal articial Intelignence

_ Testing how they funtion

Object - missin concicous

ELminataive Metrtialism

_There no mind only exist

Chapter 5 Free will/Deterministic

• free with and without determinism
• Its hard to not go on .

Vaieties of determinism

• Free with does no exists..

Aruement for Deteminim

• Every Even has sufficient explanation

Physical causal completeness

defination for willl alternative possobiites

0- Given Condition , E not have to occur

Free will ultinate

• Sourcewood.

Free will Limts

• Free will does exist

REasoble liimits with willll

There is a line of limitations

Areuge mt for moral responsibikity

• Moral responsibility exist will to be responsbiible

Common sense areguedment

• Openness to varios options

Hard detirism

• Detirism will cause problems with freedom.

Hoolach

• The man has no permsion to use to do it.

PEreroom

• Has to go through that.

arbrtiaraness

• Reason to go with and not steal.

physical compeness

• says is does not need to go too

Robert Kane Free will

• Torm what you like you cant do.

compabtibisim frakut

AYE' S on Butiridan

• Donkey has to be what to eat.

Free willl FAlils

• You are determiend to do everything the are meant to do.

Herry Ferkuat FRER WILL First order/Second.

Explore functionalism, AI, determinism, and free will with key questions and answers. Understand multiple realizability, the Turing Test, and the Chinese Room argument. Delve into mind uploading and the relationship between determinism and free will.