Functional Groups in Carbohydrates

Questions and Answers

What is the hydroxyl functional group?

-OH; Found in sugar/alcohol; Neither basic nor acidic; ends in 'ol'.

What is the carbonyl functional group?

-C=O-; Found in sugar; Neither basic nor acidic.

What is the carboxyl functional group?

-C=O-OH; Found in proteins; Acidic.

What is the amino functional group?

-N-H-H; Found in proteins; Basic; 'Amines'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phosphate functional group?

-O-P=O-O-O; Found in lipids and nucleic acids; Neither basic nor acidic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the methyl functional group?

-CH3; Found in DNA; Neither basic; turns on DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What are functional groups?

Groups of atoms found together that behave in predictable ways; 6 types: 5 are polar (hydrophilic), 1 is non-polar (hydrophobic). Signup and view all the answers

What are macromolecules?

Molecules made up of repeating units in particular order (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids). Signup and view all the answers

What is a polymer?

A molecule made of many repeating units called monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates (carbs)?

Single: Monosaccharides; Two: Disaccharides; More than two: Polysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins?

Single: Amino acids; More than one: Polypeptide. Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids?

Single: Nucleotides; e.g., DNA, RNA, ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dehydration reaction?

A reaction that bonds 2 monomers together to build a polymer, by removing '-OH' from one monomer and H from another. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A reaction that breaks a polymer into 2 smaller pieces by adding H2O. Signup and view all the answers

What does lysis mean?

To split or break something apart; to release. Signup and view all the answers

What does synthesis mean?

To make something. Signup and view all the answers

What does dehydrate mean?

To lose or remove water. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydro mean?

Prefix for water. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional groups of carbohydrates?

Hydroxyl and carbonyl. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of carbohydrates?

Mostly ring, can be linear. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

Made through two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides in plant storage?

Starch; helical; made of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides in animal storage?

Glycogen; stored in liver and muscles; branched; made of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Groups in Biology

Hydroxyl (-OH): Present in sugars and alcohols; neutral in terms of pH; compounds ending in “-ol” indicate its presence.
Carbonyl (C=O): Commonly found in sugars; does not exhibit basic or acidic properties.
Carboxyl (-COOH): Typically found in proteins; characterized as an acidic functional group.
Amino (-NH2): Basic group found in proteins; often referred to as "amines."
Phosphate (OPO3): Present in lipids and nucleic acids; exhibits neutral pH behavior.
Methyl (-CH3): Associated with DNA; does not affect pH; crucial for DNA activation.

Macromolecules and Their Components

Functional Groups: Groups of atoms that interact consistently; include six types, with five being polar (hydrophilic) and one being non-polar (hydrophobic).
Macromolecules: Large molecules formed from repeating smaller units; includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Polymers: Substances consisting of many repeating units called monomers.

Categories and Structures of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Classified by size; monosaccharides are singular, disaccharides consist of two, and polysaccharides include more than two units.
Disaccharide Formation: Constructed from two monosaccharides via dehydration reactions.
Polysaccharides in Plants: Starch serves as the primary storage form; structured in a helical form and comprised of glucose.
Polysaccharides in Animals: Glycogen functions as the storage polysaccharide; branched structure, stored mainly in the liver and muscles.

Reactions Involved in Macromolecule Formation

Dehydration Reaction: A synthesis process that joins two monomers by removing -OH from one and H from another, thus forming a polymer.
Hydrolysis Reaction: A process that disassembles a polymer into smaller units by adding water (H2O).
Lysis: Term used to describe the act of breaking apart or splitting.
Synthesis: Refers to the creation or combination of elements to produce a substance.
Dehydrate: The act of removing water from a compound.
Hydro: Prefix indicating association with water.

Structural Characteristics of Carbohydrates

Shape of Carbohydrates: Typically circular (ring) structures, but some may present in linear forms.
Functional Groups Found in Carbohydrates: Primarily hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

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Test your knowledge of key functional groups and their roles in carbohydrates and proteins with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions and characteristics of essential functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, and more.