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Questions and Answers
Which functional group is characterized as being nonpolar and often found in amino acids and proteins?
Which functional group is characterized as being nonpolar and often found in amino acids and proteins?
Which functional group behaves as an acid and is negatively charged at the pH of a cell?
Which functional group behaves as an acid and is negatively charged at the pH of a cell?
How do polar functional groups affect molecules that would otherwise be nonpolar?
How do polar functional groups affect molecules that would otherwise be nonpolar?
Which functional group is essential for the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins?
Which functional group is essential for the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins?
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Which functional group is primarily involved in forming ATP and phospholipids?
Which functional group is primarily involved in forming ATP and phospholipids?
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Which functional group contributes to the hydrophilic nature of biological molecules?
Which functional group contributes to the hydrophilic nature of biological molecules?
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Which of the following functional groups is not commonly found in proteins?
Which of the following functional groups is not commonly found in proteins?
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Which property is true for functional groups containing nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur?
Which property is true for functional groups containing nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur?
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What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose in nucleic acids?
What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose in nucleic acids?
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Which of the following bases is found exclusively in RNA?
Which of the following bases is found exclusively in RNA?
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What type of bond typically links amino acids together in proteins?
What type of bond typically links amino acids together in proteins?
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What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in DNA and RNA?
What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in DNA and RNA?
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Which of the following accurately describes the structure of purine bases?
Which of the following accurately describes the structure of purine bases?
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Which group of amino acids can contribute to the quaternary structure of a protein?
Which group of amino acids can contribute to the quaternary structure of a protein?
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Which nucleotide base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which nucleotide base pairs with adenine in DNA?
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Which amino acid structure is found in the smallest number of distinct forms?
Which amino acid structure is found in the smallest number of distinct forms?
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What is the primary function of RNA in the cell?
What is the primary function of RNA in the cell?
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What influences the interaction of amino acid side chains in a protein's quaternary structure?
What influences the interaction of amino acid side chains in a protein's quaternary structure?
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In which environment are amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids typically ionized?
In which environment are amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids typically ionized?
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During the formation of a phosphodiester bond, what is released?
During the formation of a phosphodiester bond, what is released?
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In both DNA and RNA, what determines the information carried in the molecules?
In both DNA and RNA, what determines the information carried in the molecules?
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How many distinct types of proteins can potentially form due to variations in amino acids?
How many distinct types of proteins can potentially form due to variations in amino acids?
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What role do functional groups play in protein structure?
What role do functional groups play in protein structure?
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Which of the following statements about proteins is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about proteins is NOT correct?
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Study Notes
Functional Groups In Biological Molecules
- Functional groups are groups of one or more atoms that have specific chemical properties, regardless of what they are attached to.
- Functional groups add chemical character to carbon chains.
- Functional groups often contain more electronegative atoms (nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur) than carbon, making them polar.
- Common functional groups in biological molecules include:
- Amino groups - Polar, positively charged, hydrophilic, found in amino acids and proteins.
- Amide groups - Polar, hydrophilic, found in proteins.
- Carboxyl groups - Polar, negatively charged, hydrophilic, found in fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins.
- Carbonyl groups - Polar, hydrophilic, found in carbohydrates and proteins.
- Hydroxyl groups - Polar, hydrophilic, found in carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Sulfhydryl groups - Polar, form S-S disulfide bonds, found in the amino acid cysteine and proteins.
- Methyl groups - Nonpolar, found in amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Phosphate groups - Polar, negatively charged, hydrophilic, found in phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP.
Proteins
- Proteins are composed of amino acids linked covalently to form chains called polypeptides.
- Amino acids have a central carbon atom (alpha carbon) linked to:
- An amino group (-NH2)
- A carboxyl group (-COOH)
- A hydrogen atom (H)
- An R group (side chain) that varies between amino acids.
- The R group determines the identity of each amino acid.
- At the pH commonly found in cells (pH 7.4), the amino and carboxyl groups are ionized (charged).
- Proteins perform a wide range of functions in the cell, including:
- Catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes.
- Providing structural support.
- Facilitating movement.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are long molecules made up of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of three components:
- A 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA).
- A nitrogen-containing base (purines or pyrimidines).
- One or more phosphate groups.
- Pyrimidine bases (cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)) have a single ring.
- Purine bases (guanine (G), adenine (A)) have a double ring.
- DNA contains the bases A, T, G, and C.
- RNA contains the bases A, U, G, and C.
- The sequence of nucleotides determines the information carried by DNA and RNA molecules.
- Adjacent nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds, formed by covalent linkage of a phosphate group in one nucleotide to the sugar unit in another nucleotide.
Phosphodiester Bond
- Phosphodiester bonds link successive deoxyribonucleotides, forming the backbone of the DNA strand.
- Their formation involves the release of a water molecule.
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Description
Explore the essential functional groups that define biological molecules. This quiz covers their unique properties, the roles they play in amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and more. Test your knowledge on how these groups contribute to the chemical nature of biomolecules.
