7 Functional Groups Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the 7 basic functional groups?

  • Hydroxyl (correct)
  • Sulfhydryl (correct)
  • Phosphate (correct)
  • Carbonyl (correct)
  • Carboxyl (correct)
  • Amino (correct)
  • Methyl (correct)

What functional group is hydroxyl?

Hydroxyl

What functional group is carbonyl?

Carbonyl

What functional group is carboxyl?

<p>Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is amino?

<p>Amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is sulfhydryl?

<p>Sulfhydryl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is phosphate?

<p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is methyl?

<p>Methyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a hydroxyl group:

<p>Alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a carbonyl group:

<p>Ketones, Aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a carboxyl group:

<p>Carboxylic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying an amino group:

<p>Amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a sulfhydryl group:

<p>Thiols</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a methyl group:

<p>Methylated Compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a phosphate group:

<p>Organic Phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is ethanol and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Ethanol, Hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is acetone and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Acetone, Carbonyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is propanol and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Propanol, Carbonyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is acetic acid and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Acetic Acid, Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is glycine and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Glycine, Amino, Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is cysteine and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Cysteine, Sulfhydryl, Amino, Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is glycerol phosphate and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>Glycerol Phosphate, Phosphate, Hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is 5-methyl cytidine and what functional group(s) can you see?

<p>5-Methyl Cytidine, Methyl, Carbonyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional properties of hydroxyl groups?

<p>They are polar, therefore they can form hydrogen bonds with H₂O molecules helping dissolve organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group gives rise to two major groups of sugars?

<p>Carbonyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major functional property of carboxyl groups?

<p>Acts as an acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional properties of amino groups?

<p>Act as a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional properties of sulfhydryl groups?

<p>Stabilize protein structure, cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional properties of phosphate groups?

<p>Contributes negative charge, has potential to react with water releasing negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional properties of methyl groups?

<p>Affects gene expression, affects hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what prominent biological molecule(s) will we find carbonyl groups?

<p>Ketones, Aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a carbonyl group is found within a carbon skeleton, that molecule is known as a what?

<p>Ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a carbonyl group is found on the end of a carbon skeleton, that molecule is known as a what?

<p>Aldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false, a ketone and an aldehyde can be structural isomers with different characteristics?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows the carboxyl group to act as an acid?

<p>The polar covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what prominent biological molecule(s) will we find amino groups?

<p>Amino Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds with both amino acids and carboxyl groups called?

<p>Amino Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functional Groups

Specific arrangements of atoms that attach to carbon skeletons and give a molecule its unique properties.

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group containing an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH).

Carbonyl Group

A functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

Carboxyl Group

A functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).

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Amino Group

A functional group containing a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2).

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Sulfhydryl Group

A functional group containing a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH).

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Phosphate Group

A functional group containing a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (PO4).

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Methyl Group

A functional group containing a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms (-CH3).

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Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.

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Ketones

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton.

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Aldehydes

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton.

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Carboxylic Acids

Organic compounds containing a carboxyl group, making them acidic.

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Amines

Organic compounds containing an amino group, making them basic.

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Thiols

Organic compounds containing a sulfhydryl group.

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Organic Phosphates

Organic compounds containing a phosphate group.

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Methylated Compounds

Organic compounds containing a methyl group attached to a carbon atom.

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Hydrogen Bonding

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

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Polarity

The uneven distribution of charge in a molecule, creating a positive and a negative end.

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Hydrophilic

Having a strong affinity for water, tending to dissolve in water.

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Hydrophobic

Having a weak affinity for water, tending to repel water.

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Acidic

Having a pH less than 7, releasing H⁺ ions into solution.

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Basic

Having a pH greater than 7, accepting H⁺ ions from solution.

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Disulfide Bonds

Covalent bonds formed between two sulfur atoms in sulfhydryl groups.

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Hydrolysis

The breaking down of a molecule by adding water.

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Energy Transfer

The movement of energy from one molecule to another.

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Gene Expression

The process of converting genetic information into a functional product, like a protein.

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Molecular Interactions

The forces that hold molecules together, influencing their behavior.

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Metabolic Pathways

A series of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life.

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Structural Integrity

The ability of a molecule to maintain its shape and function.

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Study Notes

Functional Groups Overview

  • Seven basic functional groups: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl
  • Functional groups are key to biological molecules' structure and reactivity.

Hydroxyl Group

  • Found in alcohols.
  • Characterized by its ability to form hydrogen bonds, making compounds polar and hydrophilic, enhancing solubility in water.

Carbonyl Group

  • Includes ketones (if within a carbon skeleton) and aldehydes (if at the end of a carbon skeleton).
  • Gives rise to two major types of sugars (aldoses and ketoses).

Carboxyl Group

  • Found in carboxylic acids.
  • Functions as an acid due to the polar covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen, allowing hydrogen ion release.

Amino Group

  • Present in amines, critical for protein structure.
  • Acts as a base, capable of accepting protons in biological reactions.

Sulfhydryl Group

  • Characteristic of thiols.
  • Stabilizes protein structure by forming disulfide bonds, important in the structure of proteins like keratin.

Phosphate Group

  • Found in organic phosphates.
  • Contributes a negative charge, involved in energy transfer (ATP) and can react with water, releasing energy.

Methyl Group

  • Associated with methylated compounds.
  • Influences gene expression and hormones, affecting molecular interactions and biological pathways.

Key Properties of Functional Groups

  • Hydroxyl Groups: Polar, form hydrogen bonds, and increase solubility in water.
  • Carboxyl Groups: Are acidic, releasing H⁺ ions.
  • Amino Groups: Basic, accepting protons to become positively charged.
  • Sulfhydryl Groups: Stabilize protein structures through cross-linking.
  • Phosphate Groups: Negatively charged, releases energy during hydrolysis.
  • Methyl Groups: Provide non-polar characteristics, affecting gene regulation.

Biological Importance

  • Functional groups define the characteristics of biomolecules, affecting their interactions and roles in biological systems.
  • Molecules possessing these groups play significant roles in metabolic pathways, structural integrity, and energy transfer.

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Test your knowledge on the 7 basic functional groups with these flashcards. Each card presents a functional group, and you need to identify what it is. A great resource for students studying biology and organic chemistry.

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