Questions and Answers
What are the 7 basic functional groups?
What functional group is hydroxyl?
Hydroxyl
What functional group is carbonyl?
Carbonyl
What functional group is carboxyl?
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What functional group is amino?
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What functional group is sulfhydryl?
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What functional group is phosphate?
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What functional group is methyl?
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a hydroxyl group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a carbonyl group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a carboxyl group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying an amino group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a sulfhydryl group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a methyl group:
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List the generic name(s) for molecules carrying a phosphate group:
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What compound is ethanol and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is acetone and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is propanol and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is acetic acid and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is glycine and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is cysteine and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is glycerol phosphate and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What compound is 5-methyl cytidine and what functional group(s) can you see?
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What are the functional properties of hydroxyl groups?
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What group gives rise to two major groups of sugars?
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What is the major functional property of carboxyl groups?
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What are the functional properties of amino groups?
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What are the functional properties of sulfhydryl groups?
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What are the functional properties of phosphate groups?
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What are the functional properties of methyl groups?
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In what prominent biological molecule(s) will we find carbonyl groups?
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If a carbonyl group is found within a carbon skeleton, that molecule is known as a what?
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If a carbonyl group is found on the end of a carbon skeleton, that molecule is known as a what?
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True or false, a ketone and an aldehyde can be structural isomers with different characteristics?
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What allows the carboxyl group to act as an acid?
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In what prominent biological molecule(s) will we find amino groups?
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What are compounds with both amino acids and carboxyl groups called?
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Study Notes
Functional Groups Overview
- Seven basic functional groups: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl
- Functional groups are key to biological molecules' structure and reactivity.
Hydroxyl Group
- Found in alcohols.
- Characterized by its ability to form hydrogen bonds, making compounds polar and hydrophilic, enhancing solubility in water.
Carbonyl Group
- Includes ketones (if within a carbon skeleton) and aldehydes (if at the end of a carbon skeleton).
- Gives rise to two major types of sugars (aldoses and ketoses).
Carboxyl Group
- Found in carboxylic acids.
- Functions as an acid due to the polar covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen, allowing hydrogen ion release.
Amino Group
- Present in amines, critical for protein structure.
- Acts as a base, capable of accepting protons in biological reactions.
Sulfhydryl Group
- Characteristic of thiols.
- Stabilizes protein structure by forming disulfide bonds, important in the structure of proteins like keratin.
Phosphate Group
- Found in organic phosphates.
- Contributes a negative charge, involved in energy transfer (ATP) and can react with water, releasing energy.
Methyl Group
- Associated with methylated compounds.
- Influences gene expression and hormones, affecting molecular interactions and biological pathways.
Key Properties of Functional Groups
- Hydroxyl Groups: Polar, form hydrogen bonds, and increase solubility in water.
- Carboxyl Groups: Are acidic, releasing H⁺ ions.
- Amino Groups: Basic, accepting protons to become positively charged.
- Sulfhydryl Groups: Stabilize protein structures through cross-linking.
- Phosphate Groups: Negatively charged, releases energy during hydrolysis.
- Methyl Groups: Provide non-polar characteristics, affecting gene regulation.
Biological Importance
- Functional groups define the characteristics of biomolecules, affecting their interactions and roles in biological systems.
- Molecules possessing these groups play significant roles in metabolic pathways, structural integrity, and energy transfer.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the 7 basic functional groups with these flashcards. Each card presents a functional group, and you need to identify what it is. A great resource for students studying biology and organic chemistry.
