24.3 Functional Anatomy of the Kidney

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What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Renal tubule

Collecting duct

Nephron (correct)

Renal corpuscle

Where do almost all of the renal tubules reside in the kidney?

Medulla

Collecting duct

Cortex (correct)

Renal corpuscle

What is the enlarged, bulbous portion of a nephron called?

Renal tubule

Renal corpuscle (correct)

Collecting duct

Collecting tubule

Which structure is NOT part of a nephron?

Collecting duct (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nephron loop?

Reabsorption (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the renal corpuscle reside anatomically?

Renal cortex (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

Near the corticomedullary junction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Regulation of urine concentration by ADH (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do collecting tubules and collecting ducts contribute to urine concentration regulation?

By establishing a salt concentration gradient (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do numerous collecting ducts empty into?

Papillary ducts located in the renal papilla (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the collecting ducts in the kidney?

Reabsorption of sodium (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons?

In their ability to regulate urine concentration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

Granular cells and macula densa cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the granular cells in the JG apparatus?

They contract and release renin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the macula densa cells located in relation to the granular cells?

In the wall of the distal convoluted tubule, adjacent to the granular cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the macula densa cells in the JG apparatus?

They act as a sensor for changes in sodium and chloride concentration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of renin released by the granular cells?

It is required for the production of angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stimuli that can cause the granular cells to release renin?

Low blood pressure and increased sympathetic stimulation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium makes up the proximal convoluted tubule?

Simple cuboidal epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule?

To increase surface area for reabsorption (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule?

The nephron loop (loop of Henle) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two limbs of the nephron loop called?

Ascending and descending limbs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium makes up the thick segments of the nephron loop limbs?

Simple cuboidal epithelium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the distal convoluted tubule originate?

In the renal cortex at the end of the nephron loop's thick ascending limb (A) Signup and view all the answers

What cells detect changes in the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of tubular fluid within the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule?

Macula densa cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the afferent arteriole are signaled by the macula densa cells to release renin?

Granular cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the extraglomerular mesangial cells located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

In the gap between the afferent and efferent arterioles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

To communicate with other cells via gap junctions and paracrine hormones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that is not well understood?

Their function is well understood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Renal corpuscle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nephron extends into the medulla?

Nephron loop (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where do almost all of the renal tubules reside anatomically?

Cortex (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the nephron, which structure is colored for clarity in diagrammatic representation?

Renal tubule (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nephron' refer to?

Functional filtration unit of the kidney (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of a nephron?

Collecting duct (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the renal corpuscle in a nephron?

Glomerulus and Bowman capsule (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the blood enter the glomerulus from in the kidney?

Afferent arteriole (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the glomerular capsule in the kidney?

Receive filtrate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the filtrate received by the capsular space go next in the kidney?

Renal tubule (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the renal tubule is responsible for reabsorbing essential substances back into the blood?

Proximal convoluted tubule (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the renal corpuscle serves as the origin of the renal tubule?

Tubular pole (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Establishing a salt concentration gradient in the interstitial space (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where do collecting tubules project towards?

Renal papilla (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of collecting ducts in the kidney?

Regulation of urine concentration (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where do numerous collecting ducts ultimately empty into?

Papillary duct within the renal papilla (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of nephron loops in kidney function?

Reabsorption of water and nutrients (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone influences the regulation of urine concentration by acting on collecting ducts?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops that extend deeper into the medulla compared to cortical nephrons. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of nephrons are classified as cortical nephrons?

85% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing characteristic of the distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells compared to the proximal convoluted tubule?

The distal convoluted tubule cells are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli compared to the proximal convoluted tubule. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anatomical location of cortical nephrons within the kidney?

Cortical nephrons are located almost completely in the cortex. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the appearance of the apical surface of the distal convoluted tubule differ from the proximal convoluted tubule when viewed under a light microscope?

The apical surface of the distal convoluted tubule appears clear, while the proximal convoluted tubule appears fuzzy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relative positions of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons within the kidney?

Juxtamedullary nephrons are located closer to the corticomedullary junction, while cortical nephrons are located near the peripheral edge of the cortex. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

To regulate the formation of filtrate and systemic blood pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the JG apparatus are responsible for releasing renin?

Granular cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the JG apparatus?

To detect changes in the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of the tubular fluid (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the JG apparatus?

Their specific function is not well understood (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the JG apparatus are signaled by the macula densa cells to release renin?

Cells of the afferent arteriole (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of renin released by the granular cells in the JG apparatus?

To regulate systemic blood pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

24.3 Functional Anatomy of the Kidney

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Questions and Answers

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Where do almost all of the renal tubules reside in the kidney?

What is the enlarged, bulbous portion of a nephron called?

Which structure is NOT part of a nephron?

What is the function of the nephron loop?

Where does the renal corpuscle reside anatomically?

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

How do collecting tubules and collecting ducts contribute to urine concentration regulation?

Where do numerous collecting ducts empty into?

What is the main role of the collecting ducts in the kidney?

How do juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons?

What are the primary components of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

What is the function of the granular cells in the JG apparatus?

Where are the macula densa cells located in relation to the granular cells?

What is the role of the macula densa cells in the JG apparatus?

What is the role of renin released by the granular cells?

What are the two main stimuli that can cause the granular cells to release renin?

What type of epithelium makes up the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the function of the microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Which structure originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule?

What are the two limbs of the nephron loop called?

What type of epithelium makes up the thick segments of the nephron loop limbs?

Where does the distal convoluted tubule originate?

What cells detect changes in the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of tubular fluid within the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule?

Which cells in the afferent arteriole are signaled by the macula densa cells to release renin?

Where are the extraglomerular mesangial cells located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What is the primary function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What is the specific function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that is not well understood?

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Which component of the nephron extends into the medulla?

Where do almost all of the renal tubules reside anatomically?

In the nephron, which structure is colored for clarity in diagrammatic representation?

What does the term 'nephron' refer to?

Which structure is NOT part of a nephron?

What is the composition of the renal corpuscle in a nephron?

Where does the blood enter the glomerulus from in the kidney?

What is the main function of the glomerular capsule in the kidney?

Where does the filtrate received by the capsular space go next in the kidney?

Which section of the renal tubule is responsible for reabsorbing essential substances back into the blood?

Which part of the renal corpuscle serves as the origin of the renal tubule?

What is the primary function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Where do collecting tubules project towards?

What is the main function of collecting ducts in the kidney?

Where do numerous collecting ducts ultimately empty into?

What is the significance of nephron loops in kidney function?

Which hormone influences the regulation of urine concentration by acting on collecting ducts?

What is the primary distinction between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

What percentage of nephrons are classified as cortical nephrons?

What is the distinguishing characteristic of the distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells compared to the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the primary anatomical location of cortical nephrons within the kidney?

How does the appearance of the apical surface of the distal convoluted tubule differ from the proximal convoluted tubule when viewed under a light microscope?

Which statement accurately describes the relative positions of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons within the kidney?

What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

Which cells in the JG apparatus are responsible for releasing renin?

What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the JG apparatus?

What is the primary role of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the JG apparatus?

Which cells in the JG apparatus are signaled by the macula densa cells to release renin?

What is the primary role of renin released by the granular cells in the JG apparatus?

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