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Which characteristic is used to distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is used to distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What type of microorganisms are classified under Eukarya?
What type of microorganisms are classified under Eukarya?
What process allows prokaryotic cells to divide more rapidly?
What process allows prokaryotic cells to divide more rapidly?
Which of the following statements accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
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Which term describes the collection of cells grown on a nutrient medium?
Which term describes the collection of cells grown on a nutrient medium?
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What characterizes the stationary phase in bacterial growth?
What characterizes the stationary phase in bacterial growth?
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What is true about synchronous growth?
What is true about synchronous growth?
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How is generation time defined?
How is generation time defined?
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What describes the continuous culture?
What describes the continuous culture?
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What occurs during the death phase of bacterial growth?
What occurs during the death phase of bacterial growth?
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What is the primary method for determining viable microbial counts on solid media?
What is the primary method for determining viable microbial counts on solid media?
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What does CFU stand for in microbial count terminology?
What does CFU stand for in microbial count terminology?
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Which technique involves passing a liquid sample through special membrane filters to determine bacterial numbers?
Which technique involves passing a liquid sample through special membrane filters to determine bacterial numbers?
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In turbidimetric methods, what property of bacterial cultures is primarily measured?
In turbidimetric methods, what property of bacterial cultures is primarily measured?
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What is the role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane?
What is the role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane?
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Which method directly measures the increase in microbial cell weight as a result of growth?
Which method directly measures the increase in microbial cell weight as a result of growth?
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Which structure anchors lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the outer membrane?
Which structure anchors lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the outer membrane?
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What specific changes are detected in the growth medium by the measurement of specific chemical changes?
What specific changes are detected in the growth medium by the measurement of specific chemical changes?
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Which of the following is an acceptable gelling temperature for molten agar before it is added to microbial cultures?
Which of the following is an acceptable gelling temperature for molten agar before it is added to microbial cultures?
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What type of molecules do porins allow to pass through the outer membrane?
What type of molecules do porins allow to pass through the outer membrane?
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The term 'viable cell' refers to what characteristic of a microbial cell?
The term 'viable cell' refers to what characteristic of a microbial cell?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the outer membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the outer membrane?
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What characterizes the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes?
What characterizes the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the peptidoglycan layer in bacteria?
Which of the following best describes the function of the peptidoglycan layer in bacteria?
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What is a primary function of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes?
What is a primary function of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes?
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In which type of archaeal cell wall would you find non-sulfated polysaccharides?
In which type of archaeal cell wall would you find non-sulfated polysaccharides?
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What is one function of motility in prokaryotic cells?
What is one function of motility in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following describes peritrichous flagellation?
Which of the following describes peritrichous flagellation?
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What structure connects the filament of a flagellum to the flagellum motor?
What structure connects the filament of a flagellum to the flagellum motor?
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How do archaella differ from flagella in terms of energy source for rotation?
How do archaella differ from flagella in terms of energy source for rotation?
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What role do Fli proteins serve in flagella?
What role do Fli proteins serve in flagella?
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Which of the following is characterized by a tuft of flagella at one end of a bacterial cell?
Which of the following is characterized by a tuft of flagella at one end of a bacterial cell?
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What does the cap do in flagellum synthesis?
What does the cap do in flagellum synthesis?
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What is the primary function of cilia in microbial locomotion?
What is the primary function of cilia in microbial locomotion?
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Which component of the flagellum motor is responsible for generating torque?
Which component of the flagellum motor is responsible for generating torque?
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What is true about surface motility compared to swimming motility?
What is true about surface motility compared to swimming motility?
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Which characteristic of flagellin contributes to the construction of the flagellum?
Which characteristic of flagellin contributes to the construction of the flagellum?
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What type of flagellation has flagella located at both ends of a cell?
What type of flagellation has flagella located at both ends of a cell?
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What are actin filaments primarily responsible for within a cell?
What are actin filaments primarily responsible for within a cell?
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What determines the speed of movement for methanocaldococcus compared to other cells?
What determines the speed of movement for methanocaldococcus compared to other cells?
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Study Notes
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic organisms include algae, protozoa, and fungi, characterized by the presence of organelles.
- Microorganisms, or microbes, are single-celled or multicellular entities that thrive in supportive environments and are essential for sustaining life, with roles including oxygen production.
- Pathogenic microbes are responsible for diseases; examples include bacteria, archaea, and algae.
- Microbiology studies the dominant life forms on Earth and encompasses microbial cultures, which are cells grown on nutrient media.
Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotes evolved first, believed to have appeared with RNA as a primordial molecule.
- Lacking organelles, prokaryotic cells possess circular DNA and no defined nucleus.
- Key groups of prokaryotes include archaea, cyanobacteria, and eubacteria.
- Prokaryotic cell division is rapid due to a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and can involve horizontal gene transfer through conjugation.
Cell Wall and Outer Membrane Structure
- Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, appearing dark purple under stain.
- Unique archaeal cell wall compositions include Methanosarcina sp. with non-sulfated polysaccharides and Halococcus sp. with sulfated walls.
- The outer membrane contains a phospholipid bilayer, porins for small molecule passage, lipoproteins for stability, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which function as antigens and can invoke fever.
- LPS structure includes O-specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, and Lipid A which anchors LPS to the membrane, critical for cell protection and antibiotic resistance.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Functions
- Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane exhibits selective permeability, facilitating nutrient and ion transport.
- It consists of a lipid bilayer where the hydrophobic tail comprises fatty acids and a hydrophilic head with phosphate groups.
Locomotion in Prokaryotes
- Bacteria exhibit two primary motility methods: swimming and gliding, utilizing flagella or archaella.
- Taxis describes how cells move toward or away from stimuli.
- Flagella are rotary machines that allow prokaryotes to propel through liquids; they consist of filament components made of flagellin.
Flagellar Structure and Function
- The flagellum features a filament, a hook connecting to the motor, and a motor housed in the cytoplasmic membrane.
- The motor includes a rotor made of rings and a stator composed of mot proteins that generate torque.
- Flagellin synthesis occurs from the tip towards the base of the flagellum.
Archaella
- Archaella are similar to flagella but specifically found in archaea; they rotate and are powered by ATP hydrolysis rather than proton motive force.
- These structures enable motility rates, with some archaea capable of swimming swiftly due to their size-related advantages.
Internal and External Movement
- Cytoplasmic streaming refers to the internal movement of organelles powered by the cytoskeleton, aiding nutrient distribution.
- External movement involves specialized organelles; pseudopodia are temporary extensions that assist in motility.
- Cilia and flagella are used for movement, utilizing ATP for energy.
Culturing and Growth Measurements
- The stationary phase occurs when dying cells equal dividing cells, resulting in no net population change.
- Continuous cultures contrast batch cultures, describing the sustained growth of microbial populations.
- Viable counts are performed to assess the number of living cells using spread-plate techniques or membrane filtration.
Measurement Techniques
- Turbidimetric methods use light blockage to assess bacterial growth in liquid culture.
- Nitrogen content can indicate bacterial population levels, as protein constitutes a major cell component.
- Dry weight and specific chemical changes in the growth medium reveal microbial growth through quantifiable metrics.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the characteristics of microorganisms. Explore the differences between these two types of cells, the evolution of prokaryotes, and the role of various organelles in eukaryotic cells.
