FUNCHEM.11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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What distinguishes cis-but-2-ene from trans-but-2-ene?

  • The overall molecular weight
  • The number of carbons in the chain
  • The position of the double bond
  • The orientation of the substituents around the double bond (correct)

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding the boiling points of cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene?

  • Both have boiling points at the same temperature
  • Both are gases at room temperature
  • trans-but-2-ene has a higher boiling point than cis-but-2-ene
  • cis-but-2-ene has a higher boiling point than trans-but-2-ene (correct)

    • In terms of substituent arrangement, what characterizes cis isomers?

  • Substituents are on the same side of the double bond (correct)
  • Substituents are randomly distributed
  • Substituents are arranged alternately along the chain
  • Substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond

    • What is the molecular formula for both cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene?

    <p>C4H8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?

    <p>Presence of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomerism do cis-and trans-but-2-ene represent?

    <p>Geometric isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bonding type is commonly found in organic compounds?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a functional group in organic chemistry?

    <p>Amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is true?

    <p>Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or similar structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geometric feature of organic compounds as per valence bond theory?

    <p>Planar or tetrahedral arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following about solubility of organic compounds is generally true?

    <p>They are usually poorly soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a structural isomer?

    <p>Different arrangement of carbon skeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is most abundant in the compounds that form living matter?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are structural isomers?

    <p>Compounds with identical molecular formulas but different connectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ethanol and dimethyl ether is correct?

    <p>Ethanol is soluble in all proportions, while dimethyl ether is slightly soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of dimethyl ether?

    <p>-23.6 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes geometric isomers?

    <p>They have different arrangements of atoms in space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of structural isomers?

    <p>They have the same boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a liquid at room temperature?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true for stereoisomers compared to structural isomers?

    <p>Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in arrangement in space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the melting point of ethanol?

    <p>-114.3 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows carbon to form long chains and cycles in organic compounds?

    <p>Its ability to share four valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can carbon form at maximum?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed by the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals?

    <p>Sigma (σ) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding carbon's electronegativity?

    <p>Carbon is neither strongly electropositive nor strongly electronegative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following compounds does carbon form a triple bond?

    <p>Ethyne (C2H2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the spatial orientation of the four C-H bonds in methane?

    <p>Tetrahedral arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is characterized by sideways overlap of atomic orbitals?

    <p>Pi (π) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest energy electron configuration for carbon?

    <p>1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does electronegativity determine in a covalent bond?

    <p>The polarization of bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lewis structures, how are unshared valence electrons represented?

    <p>As dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbol represents a triple bond in line structures?

    <p>Three lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is true?

    <p>They can be aromatic or aliphatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a functional group in organic chemistry?

    <p>A distinct set of physical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a line structure, what does an intersection of two lines typically represent?

    <p>A CH2 group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are lone pairs shown in Lewis structures?

    <p>Expressed as pairs of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element has a similar electronegativity value to carbon?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hydrocarbon does NOT include aromatic compounds?

    <p>Aliphatic hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the bonding characteristics between atoms in line structures?

    <p>The type of line used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is characterized by a carbon-oxygen double bond and contains a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon?

    <p>Aldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family name describes a compound containing only C-H and C-C bonds?

    <p>Alkane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a trait of carbonyl functional groups?

    <p>They contain a polarized covalent carbon-oxygen double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options correctly describes a thiol?

    <p>A sulfur-containing organic compound with the structure R-SH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an aromatic hydrocarbon?

    <p>It has a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is represented by the formula R-C(=O)-OH?

    <p>Carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of carbonyl compounds?

    <p>Ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a nitrile from other functional groups?

    <p>It contains a carbon-nitrogen triple bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is indicated by R-S-R'?

    <p>Sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is an example of an alkyne?

    <p>Ethyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group has a structure that typically contains two carbon atoms bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond on one end and a hydroxyl group on the other?

    <p>Carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alcohols?

    <p>R-OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of aromatic compounds?

    <p>They exhibit resonance due to their cyclic structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fundamentals of Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    • This lecture series covers FUNCHEM.11, an introduction to organic chemistry.
    • The lecturer is Dr. Declan Gaynor.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Compare properties of organic and inorganic compounds.
    • Identify and describe structural geometry and bonding in organic compounds using valence bond theory.
    • Interpret and construct Lewis structures, condensed structures and line structures of organic compounds.
    • Identify and describe functional groups (alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, thiol, ether, sulphide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, amine, amide, ester, halide, acid halide, aromatic).
    • Identify aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
    • Describe and identify examples of structural, geometric, and optical isomers.

    Understanding Organic Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry is crucial as the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is vital in cholesterol synthesis.
    • Atorvastatin (Lipitor) is a key example of a drug that works by targeting this enzyme.

    Introduction to Organic Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
    • Carbon compounds provide constituents for living matter including DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates, and produce energy through conversion to CO2.
    • Carbon is less than 1% of the earth's crust, but it forms chains of atoms (linear, branched, cyclic), bonds with elements such as H, N, O (making up 98% of living tissue), and has many 3-dimensional structures.

    Basic Components in Organic Chemistry

    • Organic compounds are formed by carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other and other non-metal atoms like H, O, N, S, and halogens.
    • All other compounds are inorganic compounds

    Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

    • Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties, and synthesis of organic compounds.
    • Organic molecules have covalent bonds, are often poorly soluble in water, and have relatively low melting and boiling points, in contrast to inorganic molecules which have ionic bonds, are generally highly soluble in water, and have high melting and boiling points.

    Why Carbon?

    • Carbon is a group 4 element that can share four valence electrons, enabling the formation of four strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and other heteroatoms (elements other than carbon and hydrogen).
    • Unlike silicon, which is also in group 4, carbon can form long chains and cycles.

    Carbon Summary

    • Carbon has an atomic number of 6, with 6 electrons arranged in shells and orbitals (1s² 2s² 2p⁴).
    • Carbon has four valence electrons.
    • Carbon forms strong bonds with neighboring carbon atoms.
    • Carbon's electronegativity value is 2.5, making it neither strongly electropositive nor electronegative

    Covalent Bonding

    • Covalent bonds in organic compounds result from electron sharing.
    • Organic chemistry uses the term "bond" to describe a shared pair of electrons, with four valence electrons for carbon and enabling a maximum of four covalent bonds.
    • The bonds are represented by lines between atomic symbols to represent shared electron pairs.
    • There are single, double and triple bonds. (Simple examples showing methane, ethene, and ethyne are provided).
    • A sigma (σ) bond forms by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals.
    • A pi (π) bond forms by sideways overlap of atomic orbitals (describing sigma and pi bonds in the scenarios of ethene and ethyne).

    3D Shape of Organic Compounds

    • Methane's tetrahedral geometry shows all four C-H bonds are identical and spatially oriented.
    • C-H bond lengths and angles (109.5°) are also presented.
    • Geometric features of ethene and ethyne are also described.

    Polar Covalent Bonds

    • Electronegativity increases from left to right within a row and decreases from top to bottom of a row within the periodic table.
    • The difference in electronegativity between atoms influences bond polarity (unequal electron sharing), with larger differences leading to more ionic character.
    • Biologically relevant examples are illustrated.

    Lewis Structures

    • In Lewis structures, all valence electrons are represented.
    • Covalent bonds (single, double, triple) are depicted as lines between atoms.
    • Unshared valence electrons are shown as dots on the respective atom(s).
    • Examples are provided. (Methylamine and methanol)

    Line Structures

    • Line structures are a more convenient way to depict organic compound connectivity, with lines representing carbon chains and intersections representing other elements or functional groups.
    • End of lines represent CH₃(methyl) while double lines represent C=C and triple lines represent C≡C.

    Organic Molecule Categories

    • Organic compounds contain carbon and other elements (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens).
    • Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms that cause certain characteristic physical and chemical properties.
    • Hydrocarbon examples are provided: aliphatic and aromatic.

    Classification of Organic Compounds

    • Functional groups have distinct characteristics.
    • Simple examples of alkane (ethane), alkene (ethene), alkyne (ethyne), and aromatic (benzene) functional groups are provided.

    Functional Groups (Alcohols, Ethers, Thiols, Sulfides)

    • Several functional group families: alcohol, ether, thiol, and sulfide are described along with examples in terms of structure and simple examples.

    Functional Groups (Amines, Nitriles, Halides, Trifluoromethyls)

    • Descriptions and simple examples of amine, nitrile, halide, and trifluoromethyl functional groups and their structures.

    Carbonyl Functional Groups

    • Carbonyl functional groups are important polar covalent groups in organic chemistry based on a carbon-oxygen double bond.

    Functional Groups: Carbonyl (Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters)

    • Families like aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, and ester are presented with their structures and simple examples.

    Functional Groups: Carbonyl (Amides, Acyl Halides, Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters of Phosphoric Acid)

    • Further carbonyl functional group types: Amide, acyl halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, ester of phosphoric acid are included, and their associated structures.

    Structural Isomers

    • Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (different connectivity).
    • These isomers can have different physical and biological properties given different structural arrangements. Examples provided include ethanol and dimethyl ether.

    Stereoisomers: Geometric Isomers

    • Geometric isomers (diastereomers) have the same order of atom attachment but different arrangements in space (not mirror images of one another).
    • Examples include cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene.

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    Fundamentals of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of medical and pharmaceutical chemistry with a focus on organic compounds. It explores the properties, structures, and functional groups of various organic compounds, alongside important concepts in bonding and isomerism. Designed to enhance understanding in the field of organic chemistry, it's essential for students in this discipline.

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