FUNCHEM.11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

<p>C4H8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of carbon atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geometric isomerism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or similar structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planar or tetrahedral arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are usually poorly soluble in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different arrangement of carbon skeletons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounds with identical molecular formulas but different connectivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol is soluble in all proportions, while dimethyl ether is slightly soluble. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-23.6 °C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have different arrangements of atoms in space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have the same boiling points. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in arrangement in space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-114.3 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its ability to share four valence electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigma (σ) bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon is neither strongly electropositive nor strongly electronegative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethyne (C2H2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetrahedral arrangement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pi (π) bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The polarization of bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As dots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three lines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be aromatic or aliphatic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A distinct set of physical properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A CH2 group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressed as pairs of dots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aliphatic hydrocarbons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of line used (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehyde (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain a polarized covalent carbon-oxygen double bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sulfur-containing organic compound with the structure R-SH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ether (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains a carbon-nitrogen triple bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethyne (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>R-OH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit resonance due to their cyclic structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the structures, properties and syntheses of compounds containing carbon.

Compounds consisting of carbon atoms bonded to each other and other non-metal atoms like H, O, N, S, and halogens.

Compounds that do not contain carbon, except for carbonates, bicarbonates, and cyanides.

The ability of carbon to form long chains and rings with other carbon atoms, creating diverse structures.

Carbon can bond with hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, forming the basis of most living organisms.

Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds, leading to a huge variety of 3D structures.

Organic compounds are often held together by covalent bonds, sharing electrons between atoms.

Inorganic compounds typically have ionic bonds, where one atom gives an electron to another.

Carbon is a group 4 element, meaning it has 4 valence electrons. These electrons can be shared, forming 4 strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or heteroatoms. This allows for the formation of long chains and cycles, making carbon the backbone of organic compounds.

Although silicon is also a group 4 element and can form 4 covalent bonds, it's less suitable for complex organic structures. This is due to its larger size, weaker bonds, and lower stability when forming long chains.

Covalent bonds in organic compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. These bonds are strong and crucial for holding the molecule together.

A sigma bond is a covalent bond formed by the direct head-on overlap of atomic orbitals. This type of bond is strong and holds the atoms closely together. All single bonds between carbon atoms are sigma bonds.

A pi bond is a covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of atomic orbitals. This type of bond is weaker than a sigma bond and occurs in addition to a sigma bond, creating double or triple bonds. Pi bonds are responsible for the planar structure of molecules like ethene.

Methane (CH4) has four single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms. Each C-H bond is a sigma bond, formed by head-on overlap of orbitals. These four bonds are oriented in a tetrahedral shape, resulting in a 109.5° bond angle.

Ethene (CH2CH2) has a double bond between two carbon atoms, composed of one sigma bond and one pi bond. This double bond restricts rotation around the carbon-carbon axis, making the molecule planar.

Ethyne (CHCH) has a triple bond between two carbon atoms, composed of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. The two pi bonds significantly shorten the carbon-carbon distance and make the molecule linear.

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.

A covalent bond where electron sharing is unequal due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms.

A visual representation of a molecule showing all valence electrons as dots and lines representing covalent bonds.

A simplified representation of organic molecules, where carbon and hydrogen atoms are implied by lines and intersections.

A group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical properties.

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Any non-aromatic hydrocarbon, characterized by open chains or branched structures.

A covalent bond that points away from the viewer in a 3D representation of a molecule.

A covalent bond that points towards the viewer in a 3D representation of a molecule.

A pair of electrons that are not involved in bonding and reside on an atom.

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms due to restricted rotation around a double bond.

Geometric isomers where the substituents are on the same side of the double bond.

Geometric isomers where the substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond.

The difference in boiling point between cis and trans isomers is attributed to the dipole moment.

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, leading to long chains and complex structures.

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, resulting in different physical and chemical properties.

Geometric isomers have atoms attached in the same order but differ in their spatial arrangement. Importantly, they are not mirror images of each other.

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a liquid at room temperature and is soluble in water, while dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) is a gas and less soluble in water. This difference arises from the unique arrangement of atoms in each molecule, affecting bonding and properties.

The term 'stereoisomers' refers to molecules that have the same molecular formula and the same sequence of atoms but differ in their arrangement in 3-dimensional space.

Diastereomers are a type of stereoisomer where the molecules are not mirror images of each other. This means they have different spatial arrangements but are not enantiomers.

Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer where the molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same connectivity but different configurations in 3D space.

Chirality is a property of molecules that have a non-superimposable mirror image. It arises from the presence of a chiral center, which is an atom with four different substituents.

A chiral center is an atom in a molecule that is bonded to four different groups. This asymmetry leads to chirality, meaning the molecule has two non-superimposable mirror image forms.

A type of hydrocarbon with a specific ring structure. This ring is highly stable and exhibits unique chemical properties.

An alkanes is a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

An alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Groups of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for the molecule's characteristic chemical properties.

Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms and no other elements. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are all examples of hydrocarbons.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of an ether group (-O-) linking two alkyl groups.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a thiol group (-SH) attached to a carbon atom.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of an amine group (-NH2) attached to a carbon atom.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a nitrile group (-CN) attached to a carbon atom.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a halide group (-X) attached to a carbon atom. (Where X is chlorine, bromine or iodine)

The most important functional group in organic chemistry, characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to one hydrogen atom and one alkyl group.

A class of organic compound characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to two alkyl groups.