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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the composition of compressed natural gas (CNG) is methane (CH4)?
What percentage of the composition of compressed natural gas (CNG) is methane (CH4)?
What is one important property of compressed natural gas (CNG) compared to petrol?
What is one important property of compressed natural gas (CNG) compared to petrol?
Which of the following is NOT a use of compressed natural gas (CNG)?
Which of the following is NOT a use of compressed natural gas (CNG)?
Why is monoethanolamine used in the processing of remaining gas?
Why is monoethanolamine used in the processing of remaining gas?
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What is the calorific value of compressed natural gas (CNG)?
What is the calorific value of compressed natural gas (CNG)?
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What happens to the extra liquid if a large part of the vapors gets condensed on a bubble tray?
What happens to the extra liquid if a large part of the vapors gets condensed on a bubble tray?
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Which of the following fractions is specifically mentioned as being obtained from a refinery?
Which of the following fractions is specifically mentioned as being obtained from a refinery?
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What is the purpose of the cracking process in petroleum refinement?
What is the purpose of the cracking process in petroleum refinement?
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Which property of ethyl alcohol contributes to reducing polutant emissions when used as power alcohol?
Which property of ethyl alcohol contributes to reducing polutant emissions when used as power alcohol?
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Why is straight run petrol considered a lower quality petrol?
Why is straight run petrol considered a lower quality petrol?
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What is the typical octane number of petrol as mentioned?
What is the typical octane number of petrol as mentioned?
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What is the effect of blending ethyl alcohol with petrol?
What is the effect of blending ethyl alcohol with petrol?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethyl alcohol in engines?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethyl alcohol in engines?
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What does the process of combustion typically produce when a fuel containing carbon is burned?
What does the process of combustion typically produce when a fuel containing carbon is burned?
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Why is the Gross Calorific Value (G.C.V.) considered to be of only theoretical importance?
Why is the Gross Calorific Value (G.C.V.) considered to be of only theoretical importance?
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Which component of a fuel is primarily responsible for the production of water vapor during combustion?
Which component of a fuel is primarily responsible for the production of water vapor during combustion?
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What is the main difference between Gross Calorific Value (G.C.V.) and Net Calorific Value (N.C.V.)?
What is the main difference between Gross Calorific Value (G.C.V.) and Net Calorific Value (N.C.V.)?
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What is the significance of calorific values for fuels?
What is the significance of calorific values for fuels?
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What is the steady rise in temperature (t2 – t1) when the incoming and outgoing water temperatures are 20°C and 33°C, respectively?
What is the steady rise in temperature (t2 – t1) when the incoming and outgoing water temperatures are 20°C and 33°C, respectively?
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Which of the following fuels are primarily considered fossil fuels?
Which of the following fuels are primarily considered fossil fuels?
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During the proximate analysis of coal, what is the purpose of heating the coal sample at 110°C for 1 hour?
During the proximate analysis of coal, what is the purpose of heating the coal sample at 110°C for 1 hour?
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What does the volatile matter percentage indicate in the proximate analysis of coal?
What does the volatile matter percentage indicate in the proximate analysis of coal?
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What happens to the heat produced during combustion when water vapor is formed?
What happens to the heat produced during combustion when water vapor is formed?
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What is the next step after the initial weight of the coal sample is measured in proximate analysis?
What is the next step after the initial weight of the coal sample is measured in proximate analysis?
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When calculating calorific values, what is important to note about the measurement conditions?
When calculating calorific values, what is important to note about the measurement conditions?
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What happens to coal molecules at a temperature of 925°C during the volatile matter analysis?
What happens to coal molecules at a temperature of 925°C during the volatile matter analysis?
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What is the weight of steam condensed if 250 gm of steam is produced during combustion?
What is the weight of steam condensed if 250 gm of steam is produced during combustion?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the proximate analysis in coal analysis?
Which of the following is NOT part of the proximate analysis in coal analysis?
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What is the weight of water circulated in Boy's gas calorimeter experiment?
What is the weight of water circulated in Boy's gas calorimeter experiment?
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What is the weight of carbon dioxide formed when 1 gram of coal sample was burnt in oxygen?
What is the weight of carbon dioxide formed when 1 gram of coal sample was burnt in oxygen?
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How much weight of water vapor is absorbed by CaCl2 when 0.20 gm of coal is burnt?
How much weight of water vapor is absorbed by CaCl2 when 0.20 gm of coal is burnt?
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What was the percentage of hydrogen found in the coal sample based on the analysis provided?
What was the percentage of hydrogen found in the coal sample based on the analysis provided?
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In the analysis of 2.4 gm of coal, what indicates the efficiency of the combustion process?
In the analysis of 2.4 gm of coal, what indicates the efficiency of the combustion process?
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During the combustion of 0.5 gm of coal, what represents the successful capture of CO2 in the U-tube?
During the combustion of 0.5 gm of coal, what represents the successful capture of CO2 in the U-tube?
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What is the main component formed from the anaerobic decay of debris from plants and animals?
What is the main component formed from the anaerobic decay of debris from plants and animals?
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How does the weight of the residue change after heating coal in a silica crucible?
How does the weight of the residue change after heating coal in a silica crucible?
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What was the increase in weight of KOH U-tube when a coal sample was burnt?
What was the increase in weight of KOH U-tube when a coal sample was burnt?
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Study Notes
Fuels and Combustion
- Fuel: A substance that produces heat when burned.
- Combustion: A chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually oxygen, releasing heat and light.
- Chemical Fuels: Fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas), wood, vegetable oils that produce heat when burned.
- Calorific Value: The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a specific amount of fuel.
- Gross Calorific Value (GCV): The total heat released by the complete combustion of a fuel, including the latent heat of vaporization of water in the combustion products.
Types of Calorific Value
- Net Calorific Value (NCV): The heat released by combustion of 1 unit mass of fuel after deducting the heat taken away by water vapor.
- Measuring Calorific Value: Commonly done using a Bomb Calorimeter, measuring the temperature change of a known amount of water when the fuel burns.
Coal
- Formation: Coal is formed over millions of years from decomposed plant matter subjected to heat and pressure.
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Types of Coal Analysis:
- Proximate Analysis: This determines the percentages of: moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.
- Ultimate Analysis: This determines the percentages of the elements present in coal: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash.
Petroleum or Crude Oil
- Formation: Petroleum is formed over millions of years from the anaerobic decay of organic matter (plants and animals) under high temperature and pressure.
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Fractionation: The process of separating crude oil into different components (fractions) based on their boiling points:
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Petroleum Refining: The process involves fractional distillation of crude oil, separating the components based on their boiling points. There are several fractions obtained:
- Petroleum Gas: Used as fuel & for making plastics
- Petroleum Ether: Solvent
- Gasoline: Used as fuel for cars
- Kerosene: Used as fuel for stoves and lamps
- Diesel Fuel: Used as fuel for trucks and buses
- Lubricating Oil: Used to reduce friction in engines
- Paraffin Wax: Used in candles and for waterproofing materials
- Asphalt: Used for paving roads
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Petroleum Refining: The process involves fractional distillation of crude oil, separating the components based on their boiling points. There are several fractions obtained:
Cracking
- Cracking: Breaking down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules by heat or catalysts.
- Purpose: To increase the yield of lighter, more useful products like gasoline from the heavier fractions of crude oil.
Power Alcohol
- Definition: Ethyl alcohol, a biofuel, used as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
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Preparation: Ethanol is produced by fermentation of starchy materials (e.g., corn, sugarcane) through a series of steps:
- Starch conversion to glucose: Starch is hydrolyzed to glucose using enzymes or acids.
- Glucose fermentation: Glucose is fermented by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Advantages of Power Alcohol
- High Octane Number: Boosts the octane rating of petrol, reducing engine knocking.
- Water Absorption: Absorbs water, preventing it from affecting engine performance.
- Reduced Pollution: Lowers emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
- Composition: Predominantly methane (88.5%), with other hydrocarbons and hydrogen.
- Extraction: CNG is extracted from natural gas, which is composed mostly of methane.
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Properties:
- Higher Ignition Point: Safer than liquid fuels.
- Better Mixing: Mixes more readily with air for efficient combustion.
- Low Emissions: Burns cleanly, producing minimal pollutants.
Uses of CNG
- Alternative Fuel: Used in cars, buses, and auto-rickshaws, especially in urban areas.
- Industrial Fuel: Used in various industries.
- Domestic Fuel: Can be used for cooking and heating.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- Composition: Primarily propane and butane, along with small amounts of pentane and hexane.
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Properties:
- High Calorific Value: Produces a significant amount of heat per unit volume.
- Odorization: A sulfur-containing compound is added to impart a distinctive odor, enabling detection of leaks.
- Clean Burning: Burns with a clean, blue flame, minimizing pollutants.
Uses of LPG
- Domestic Fuel: Used for cooking and heating in homes.
- Industrial Fuel: Used in various industrial applications.
- Motor Fuel: Can be used as a fuel for vehicles with modifications.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fuels and combustion with this quiz. Cover essential definitions, types of calorific value, and the process of measuring calorific values. Perfect for anyone studying chemistry or energy resources.
