Questions and Answers
Which chromosome pair determines biological sex?
Females are hemizygous concerning the genes on the X chromosome.
False
What gene on the Y chromosome codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation?
SRY
Match the genetic conditions with their respective categories:
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In the absence of the Y chromosome, all zygotes will be __________.
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What are the two functional components of the testes?
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What structure secretes testosterone in males?
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What does the ovum contribute to the zygote?
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Both the male and female reproductive systems share a common pathway for excretion.
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Androgens are produced at the same level during infancy and adulthood in males.
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What is the process called that leads to the formation of mature sperm?
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The structure that gains motility in sperm is called the ______.
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What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?
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Match the female reproductive structures with their primary functions:
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The condition where a genetic male exhibits female secondary sexual characteristics due to defective receptors for testosterone is called __________.
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Which gland produces a clear viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra?
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Match the hormone with its primary function in the menstrual cycle:
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Which hormone is responsible for the negative feedback mechanism that regulates testosterone production in males?
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Females continuously produce a supply of stem cells for oogenesis throughout their lives.
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How many functional sperm are produced from each spermatogonium?
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The corpus luteum continues to function throughout the entire pregnancy.
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The combination of sperm and seminal fluid is known as ______.
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
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The __________ is involved in the production of sperm and is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
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Study Notes
Biological Sex Determination
- 23rd pair of chromosomes: XX for females, XY for males.
- Ova only carry X chromosomes; sperm can carry X or Y.
- X chromosome has many genes; mutations can lead to X-linked disorders.
- Males are hemizygous for X-linked genes; they express any disease-causing allele present.
- Females can be homozygous or heterozygous; X-linked disorders are less common in females.
- Carriers possess a diseased allele on one X chromosome but do not exhibit the disease.
Chromosomes and Disease
- Y chromosome carries limited genetic information; SRY gene initiates male gonad formation.
- Absence of Y chromosome results in female zygote development.
- Rare Y-linked diseases primarily affect male fertility; inherited from father to sons.
Male Reproductive Anatomy
- Testes develop from primitive gonads; consist of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells.
- Seminiferous tubules produce sperm, nourished by Sertoli cells.
- Leydig cells secrete testosterone, crucial for male traits and sperm production.
- Testes are in the scrotum to maintain temperature 2°C to 4°C lower than body temperature.
- Sperm travel from seminiferous tubules to epididymis to vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
Sperm Pathway Mnemonic
- SEVE(N) UP: Seminiferous tubules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, (Nothing), Urethra, Penis.
Seminal Fluid Composition
- Seminal fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland.
- Seminal vesicles provide fructose; prostate gland contributes alkaline fluids.
- Bulbourethral glands clear remnants of urine and lubricate the urethra.
Spermatogenesis Process
- Spermatogenesis generates four functional sperm from each spermatogonium through meiosis.
- Sperm structure: head (genetic material), midpiece (ATP generation), flagellum (motility).
- Mature sperm produce at approximately 3 million daily post-puberty.
Female Reproductive Anatomy
- All reproductive organs in females are internal; ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
- Ovaries contain follicles which protect and nourish immature eggs, releasing one egg per month.
- Fallopian tubes transport eggs to the uterus, where fetal development occurs.
- The cervix connects the uterus to the vaginal canal, a birthing passage.
Oogenesis Overview
- Oogenesis produces female gametes; all oogonia are formed during fetal development.
- Primary oocytes are suspended in prophase I until menarche, where one matures monthly.
- Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II only upon fertilization and contributes cytoplasm and organelles.
Sexual Development Regulation
- Hypothalamus controls gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) production, initiating puberty.
- FSH and LH from anterior pituitary stimulate sex hormone production needed for reproductive system maintenance.
Male Sexual Development Details
- Y chromosome presence induces androgen production during fetal development.
- Testosterone rise during puberty drives sperm production and secondary characteristics.
- FSH stimulates Sertoli cells; LH prompts Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
Female Sexual Development Key Points
- Ovaries respond to FSH and LH, producing estrogens and progesterone, essential for reproductive system and secondary traits.
- Estrogens play vital roles in uterine lining preparation; progesterone from the corpus luteum maintains lining post-ovulation.
Menstrual Cycle Phases
- Cycle consists of four phases: follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation.
- FSH and LH levels fluctuate to regulate ovarian follicle maturation and ovum release.
Important Menstrual Cycle Hormone Levels
- Monitor FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone concentrations for significance during different cycle phases.
- Follicular phase initiates with GnRH release leading to FSH and LH increase; estrogen levels surge.
Pregnancy Hormonal Changes
- If fertilization occurs, the zygote secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum during early development.
- Placenta eventually takes over hormone production by the second trimester.
Menopause Attributes
- Ovarian atrophy occurs due to reduced sensitivity to FSH and LH, with hormone levels decreasing.
- Menopause is marked by elevated FSH and LH, leading to cessation of menstruation and physiological changes.
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