فسيولوجيا الأوعية الدموية

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Questions and Answers

ما هو المكون الأساسي للدقائق الكيلوسية؟

البروتينات

الكولسترول

الأحماض الدهنية

ثلاثيات الغليسريد (correct)

ما هي النسبة المئوية للكولسترول في الدقائق الكيلوسية؟

50%

10% (correct)

20%

ما هو القطر التقريبي للدقائق الكيلوسية؟

160 نانومتر (correct)

200 نانومتر

120 نانومتر

80 نانومتري

ما هي الوظيفة الرئيسية للدقائق الكيلوسية؟

نقل الدهون في الدم Signup and view all the answers

أي من التالي يعتبر عنصراً صغيراً غير رئيسي في تكوين الدقائق الكيلوسية؟

الألياف الغذائية Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي يتطلبه تدفق الدم الطبيعي من خلال الأوعية الدموية؟

ضغط نضح مناسب Signup and view all the answers

أي من الأمراض التالية قد تؤثر على وظيفة الأوعية الدموية؟

ارتفاع ضغط الدم Signup and view all the answers

ما هو العنصر الأساسي الذي يساهم في دفع الدم عبر الأوعية؟

ضغط نضح مناسب Signup and view all the answers

ماذا يحدث في حالة عدم وجود ضغط مناسب داخل الأوعية؟

تدفق دم غير مناسب Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الوظيفة الأساسية للأوعية الدموية؟

نقل الأكسجين وثاني أكسيد الكربون Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الشيء الذي يُعبر عنه في معدل ضربات القلب؟

نشاط الجسم Signup and view all the answers

أي من العوامل التالية قد يؤثر على معدل ضربات القلب؟

تناول الطعام Signup and view all the answers

كيف يمكن أن يعكس معدل ضربات القلب النشاط البدني؟

يظهر تغيرات سريعة في الاستجابة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الخطر الذي يمكن أن يتسبب به ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي المزمن؟

تلف الأنسجة والأعضاء Signup and view all the answers

ما هي المظاهر التي قد تُلاحظ عند تغير معدل ضربات القلب؟

التعب والإرهاق Signup and view all the answers

أي من العوامل التالية يمكن أن يتسبب في ارتفاع معدل ضربات القلب؟

التدريب البدني المكثف Signup and view all the answers

كيف يمكن الكشف عن ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي مبكرًا؟

عن طريق فحص ضغط الدم Signup and view all the answers

ما هي إحدى الأجزاء التي يمكن أن تتأثر بسبب ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي المزمن؟

الأوعية الدموية Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الاختلاف بين ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي وارتفاع ضغط الدم الثانوي؟

الأساسي يحدث بسبب أسباب غير معروفة Signup and view all the answers

ما السبب الرئيسي الذي يجعل ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي خطيرًا؟

لا يسبب أعراض ظاهرة Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الفئة التي يرتبط بها ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي أو الأولي؟

العوامل الوراثية والبيئية والغذائية Signup and view all the answers

ما تأثير العوامل البيئية على الإصابة بارتفاع ضغط الدم؟

يمكن أن تزيد من خطر الإصابة Signup and view all the answers

أي من العوامل التالية لا تسهم في ارتفاع ضغط الدم؟

ممارسة الرياضة بانتظام Signup and view all the answers

ما هي العلاقة بين النظام الغذائي وارتفاع ضغط الدم؟

تناول الأطعمة الغنية بالصوديوم يمكن أن يزيد من ضغط الدم Signup and view all the answers

ما هو أحد العوامل التي تساهم بشكل رئيسي في زيادة ضغط الدم؟

التغذية الفقيرة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الأثر الناتج عن تضخم البطين على وظيفة القلب؟

عدم انتظام ضربات القلب Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي قد يحدث إذا وصل تضخم البطين إلى نقطة معينة؟

فشل الوظيفة الانقباضية Signup and view all the answers

كيف يمكن أن يؤثر تضخم البطين على صحة الشخص بشكل عام؟

يزيد من احتمالية الإصابة بأمراض القلب Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التأثير المحتمل لفشل المضخة نتيجة تضخم البطين؟

انخفاض حجم الدم المتدفق Signup and view all the answers

ما هي المخاطر المرتبطة بتضخم البطين وتأثيره على القلب؟

زيادة خطر عدم انتظام ضربات القلب Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Vessel Diseases

Normal blood flow through arteries and veins requires a healthy system of blood vessels and sufficient pressure to push blood through them.
Various diseases can affect the normal function of arteries or veins.
Changes due to disease can weaken blood flow through arteries, disrupting oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues, while diseases affecting veins disrupt waste removal from tissues and blood return to the heart.

Arterial Diseases

Atherosclerosis

One of the most common diseases affecting arteries is atherosclerosis.
It results from the deposition of fatty plaques in artery walls.
Coronary arteries of the heart are most affected.
Since dietary fats and cholesterol are insoluble in plasma, they are transported as part of a complex called lipoproteins.
Lipoproteins consist of a fat-loving core of cholesterol esters and a water-loving shell of phospholipids.
All lipoproteins are spherical and composed of:
- A surrounding core of protein (apolipoprotein or apoprotein) on the surface surrounding the lipid particles.
- An outer layer of fat (unesterified cholesterol and phospholipid).
- A water-repelling core (cholesterol esters and triglycerides).
Lipoproteins are classified by their density, size, and their protein and lipid content.
- Chylomicrons (CM):
  - Primarily composed of triglycerides (90%) and 10% cholesterol (diameter 160 nanometers).
  - Lowest density.
  - Produced in the intestinal wall.
  - Primarily transport dietary triglycerides from the intestines into the blood.
- Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL):
  - Primarily composed of triglycerides (75%) (diameter 80 nanometers).
  - Produced in the liver.
  - Can be converted into IDL in the blood.
- Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL):
  - 50% triglycerides and 50% cholesterol (diameter 40 nanometers).
  - Precursor to LDLs.
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL):
  - Primarily composed of cholesterol (75%) (diameter 20 nanometers).
  - Primarily transports cholesterol from the liver to the tissues.
  - Enters cells by binding to LDL receptors on the cell surface.
  - Called "bad" cholesterol due to its role in atherosclerosis.
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL):
  - 75% cholesterol, the difference is apoprotein (diameter 10 nanometers).
  - Produced in the liver.
  - Called "good" cholesterol because it removes cholesterol from the bloodstream.
Both IDL, LDL, and VLDL are considered harmful lipoproteins (bad cholesterol).
HDL is a beneficial lipoprotein (good cholesterol) transferring cholesterol from arteries to the liver.
Blood cholesterol measurements include all types (less than 240 mg/dL).
Triglycerides should be below 150 mg/dL and can be up to 200 mg/dL.
Cholesterol levels should not be ignored.
HDL and LDL levels are measured separately.

Venous Thrombosis (Blood Clots)

Clots can form in arteries but are more common in veins due to lower pressure and blood flow.
Factors contributing to clot formation include:
- Blood stasis due to poor blood flow, lack of movement, heart failure, heart attack, and low blood pressure.
- Vessel damage from injury, surgery, intravenous drugs, catheters, or immune response.
- Hypercoagulability resulting from pregnancy, cancers, clotting disorders, dehydration, or oral contraceptives.
Clots can form in superficial vessels or deep veins (DVT).
Most superficial clots resolve spontaneously.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can be more critical.
Symptoms include pain, redness, and swelling.

Treatment and Prevention

Prevention of blood stasis through walking, compression stockings, exercise, or elevation of the legs.
Anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, heparin).
Thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase, TPA) to dissolve clots.
Surgical removal of clots.

Other Diseases

Aneurysm

Localized balloon-like swelling in an artery wall.
Aortic aneurysms are common due to continuous high pressure on the vessel walls.
Cerebral aneurysms can also occur.
Causes include:
- Atherosclerosis (plaque formation affecting the vessel walls).
- High blood pressure, inflammation, and natural aging processes.

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Common vascular disorder.
Characterized by severe spasm of small blood vessels in the fingers and toes.
More common in young women due to stress or cold exposure.
Secondary causes include malignancy or vessel injury or prolonged cold exposure.

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)

Inflammatory disorder affecting arteries.
More common in heavy smokers.
Microscopic causes are unknown but involves inflammatory lesions in arteries that result in spasm, blockage, and clot formation.

Varicose Veins

Veins with dilated walls due to chronic blood pooling in the legs.
Chronic distension reduces the effectiveness of one-way valves preventing backward blood flow—resulting in valve incompetence.
Varicose veins are swollen veins resulting from blood accumulation in the lower extremities.
More frequent in individuals spending a long time standing or with reduced blood return from the lower limbs.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Varicose veins and incompetent valves can lead to chronic venous insufficiency.
Chronic reduced blood flow, edema, and poor tissue nutrition cause eventually tissue changes in the lower extremities.
Skin atrophy, inflammation, ulcers, and tissue necrosis are possible manifestations.
Infections or injuries to the lower extremities.

Hypertension

Defined as elevated blood pressure above the normal range.
Diagnosed when blood pressure readings consistently reach 140 mmHg systolic or above and 90 mmHg diastolic or above.
Approximately 90% of all hypertension cases are primary (essential) hypertension, without a known cause.

Essential (Primary) Hypertension

Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors increase essential hypertension risk.
Family history of hypertension.
Increasing Age.
Ethnicity/Gender (higher incidence in older Black men).
High sodium intake.
Hyperinsulinemia.
Excessive alcohol consumption.
Obesity.
Smoking.
Low dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Chronic fluid volume increase, enhanced sympathetic activity, or abnormal renal sodium and water excretion.

Secondary hypertension

Represents a small proportion of hypertension cases.
A common cause is renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis. Reduced renal blood flow results in activation of the renin-angiotensin system, causing further vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention.
Other causes include hyperaldosteronism (excessive aldosterone production) and pheochromocytoma (tumor of adrenal medulla).

Malignant Hypertension

Sudden, significant increases in blood pressure (more than 120-130 mm Hg diastolic).
Potentially damaging to the retina and kidneys, leading to cerebral edema and stroke.
Requires immediate medical intervention using potent vasodilators (e.g., diazoxide or sodium nitroprusside).

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure.
Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension) is a common form occurring upon standing.
Standing initiates a series of reflex responses to prevent pooling of blood in lower extremities.
Vasoconstriction and increased heart rate are reflexes.

Treatment

Lifestyle modifications (for milder hypertension):
- Weight loss
- Exercise
- Low-sodium diet
- Smoking cessation
- Reduced alcohol intake
Medications:
- Diuretics (thiazides, furosemide) lower blood pressure by reducing blood volume
- Beta-blockers
- Diuretics + Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors (enalapril, captopril) Block Angiotensin II formation.
- Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, diltiazem) Relaxes vascular smooth muscles.
- Direct vasodilators (hydralazine, diazoxide) Directly relax smooth muscles.
- Central-acting agents (methyldopa) Reduce sympathetic output from the brain.

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اختبر معلوماتك حول فسيولوجيا الأوعية الدموية ودورها في الجسم. يتناول هذا الاختبار مواضيع مثل ضغط الدم، معدل ضربات القلب، والدقائق الكيلوسية. كن مستعدًا لمعرفة المزيد عن وظائف الأوعية الدموية والعوامل المؤثرة عليها.