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Questions and Answers
What is the main bone found in the brachium?
What is the main bone found in the brachium?
Which structure articulates with the head of the radius?
Which structure articulates with the head of the radius?
How many bones are present in the carpus of the wrist?
How many bones are present in the carpus of the wrist?
Which of the following features is NOT part of the proximal end of the humerus?
Which of the following features is NOT part of the proximal end of the humerus?
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Which bones make up the antebrachium?
Which bones make up the antebrachium?
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What is the primary function of the cribriform plate?
What is the primary function of the cribriform plate?
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Which bone contributes to the formation of the hard palate?
Which bone contributes to the formation of the hard palate?
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What is the function of the inferior nasal conchae?
What is the function of the inferior nasal conchae?
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Which feature of the mandible is responsible for its articulation with the temporal bone?
Which feature of the mandible is responsible for its articulation with the temporal bone?
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Which bone is described as the smallest bone of the skull?
Which bone is described as the smallest bone of the skull?
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What role do the ethmoidal cells play in relation to the nasal cavity?
What role do the ethmoidal cells play in relation to the nasal cavity?
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Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
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Which cranial structure contains the foramina for olfactory nerves?
Which cranial structure contains the foramina for olfactory nerves?
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Which bones collectively form the nasal cavity?
Which bones collectively form the nasal cavity?
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What is the role of the maxillary sinus?
What is the role of the maxillary sinus?
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Which part of the mandible is primarily responsible for muscle attachment?
Which part of the mandible is primarily responsible for muscle attachment?
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What is the function of the mental foramen?
What is the function of the mental foramen?
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Which structure is part of the lateral nasal cavity wall?
Which structure is part of the lateral nasal cavity wall?
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What does a fractured hyoid bone typically indicate?
What does a fractured hyoid bone typically indicate?
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What is the main characteristic of the auditory ossicles?
What is the main characteristic of the auditory ossicles?
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At what stage of embryonic development does the rotation of upper and lower limbs begin?
At what stage of embryonic development does the rotation of upper and lower limbs begin?
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Which digit is positioned medially in the foot?
Which digit is positioned medially in the foot?
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What characterizes the orientation of the elbow and knee flexion due to limb rotation?
What characterizes the orientation of the elbow and knee flexion due to limb rotation?
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Which arch runs from the heel to the hallux?
Which arch runs from the heel to the hallux?
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Which bones contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?
Which bones contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?
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What is the main function of the three springy arches in the foot?
What is the main function of the three springy arches in the foot?
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From where to where does the lateral longitudinal arch extend?
From where to where does the lateral longitudinal arch extend?
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What is the role of the transverse arch?
What is the role of the transverse arch?
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Which joint is formed by the medial end of the clavicle articulating with the sternum?
Which joint is formed by the medial end of the clavicle articulating with the sternum?
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What is the main function of the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?
What is the main function of the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?
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Which feature of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
Which feature of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
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What shape does the scapula resemble?
What shape does the scapula resemble?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the humeral head concerning the glenohumeral joint?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the humeral head concerning the glenohumeral joint?
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Which structure provides passage for a nerve on the scapula?
Which structure provides passage for a nerve on the scapula?
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What is the function of the scapula in relation to the upper limb?
What is the function of the scapula in relation to the upper limb?
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What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
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Which part of the scapula is described as the indentation superior to the spine?
Which part of the scapula is described as the indentation superior to the spine?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the clavicle?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the clavicle?
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What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
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Which of the following bones is not part of the pelvic girdle?
Which of the following bones is not part of the pelvic girdle?
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Which feature separates the greater pelvis from the lesser pelvis?
Which feature separates the greater pelvis from the lesser pelvis?
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What is the role of the pubic symphysis in the pelvic girdle?
What is the role of the pubic symphysis in the pelvic girdle?
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Which part of the pelvic girdle is primarily responsible for hip socket formation?
Which part of the pelvic girdle is primarily responsible for hip socket formation?
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Which statement is true regarding the sacroiliac joint?
Which statement is true regarding the sacroiliac joint?
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What is the characteristic of the ischium?
What is the characteristic of the ischium?
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Which pelvic structure is crucial during childbirth for the infant's head passage?
Which pelvic structure is crucial during childbirth for the infant's head passage?
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What is the purpose of the obturator foramen?
What is the purpose of the obturator foramen?
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Which feature of the pelvis is the round margin that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis?
Which feature of the pelvis is the round margin that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the pelvic inlet?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the pelvic inlet?
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What anatomical structure is particularly important for shock absorption in the pelvic girdle?
What anatomical structure is particularly important for shock absorption in the pelvic girdle?
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Which pelvic structure allows for attachment of muscles related to hip and thigh movement?
Which pelvic structure allows for attachment of muscles related to hip and thigh movement?
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What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?
What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?
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Which region of the vertebral column has the smallest vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column has the smallest vertebrae?
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What is the anatomical name for the first cervical vertebra?
What is the anatomical name for the first cervical vertebra?
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What type of curvature is characterized by the thoracic and pelvic spine?
What type of curvature is characterized by the thoracic and pelvic spine?
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What is a common cause of lordosis?
What is a common cause of lordosis?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of each vertebra?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of each vertebra?
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How many total vertebrae are typically present in an adult human spine?
How many total vertebrae are typically present in an adult human spine?
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What joint allows for the nodding motion of the head?
What joint allows for the nodding motion of the head?
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What feature of the thoracic vertebrae is not present in cervical vertebrae?
What feature of the thoracic vertebrae is not present in cervical vertebrae?
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Which type of spinal curvature is characterized by an exaggerated thoracic curvature?
Which type of spinal curvature is characterized by an exaggerated thoracic curvature?
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What type of materials makes up the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?
What type of materials makes up the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?
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At what age do sacral vertebrae typically begin to fuse?
At what age do sacral vertebrae typically begin to fuse?
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Which vertebrae are specifically known for having bifid spinous processes?
Which vertebrae are specifically known for having bifid spinous processes?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton
- Colored beige on diagrams
- Forms the central supporting axis of the body
- Includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton
- Colored green on diagrams
- Includes the pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, and lower extremity
Bones of the Skeletal System
- 206 bones in a typical adult
- Number varies with development of sesamoid bones
- Sesamoid bones form within tendons (e.g., patella)
- Number varies with sutural (wormian) bones in skull (extra bones in suture lines)
- At birth, there are about 270 bones, which decrease with fusion
Anatomical Features of Bones
- Bone markings include ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces
- Ways to study bones:
- Articulated skeletons: held together, showing spatial relationships
- Disarticulated bones: taken apart for detailed study of surface features
Cranial Bones
- 22 bones, joined by immovable sutures
- Contain various cavities: cranial cavity (brain case), orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral cavity, middle and inner ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses
- Foramina: holes for passage of nerves and blood vessels
Paranasal Sinuses
- Four paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary)
- Lined with mucous membrane and air-filled
- Act as chambers adding resonance to the voice, and lightening the skull
Cranial Fosae
- Anterior cranial fossa holds the frontal lobe
- Middle cranial fossa holds the temporal lobes
- Posterior cranial fossa contains the cerebellum
Skull
- Foramen magnum opening for spinal cord
- Basilar part: thick median plate
- Occipital condyles: knobs resting on spinal column
- Condylar canal (present in some people), posterior to occipital condyles
- Hypoglossal canal transmits hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- External occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament; superior and inferior nuchal lines for neck muscle attachment
Sphenoid Bone
- Body
- Greater wing
- Lesser wing
- Optic canal
- Anterior clinoid processes
- Superior orbital fissure
- Sella turcica
Foramina
- Superior orbital fissure: lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary, abducens nerves, superior ophthalmic vein
- Foramen rotundum: maxillary nerve (CN V2)
- Foramen ovale: mandibular nerve (CN V3), accessory meningeal, lesser petrosal nerves; emissary vein
- Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery and vein, emissary vein, meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
The Ethmoid Bone
- Located between the eyes
- Contains cribriform plate, orbital plate, perpendicular plate, and ethmoidal cells
- Cribriform foramina (olfactory foramina)
- Crista galli (dura mater attachment)
- Forms superior and middle nasal conchae
Facial Bones
- 14 bones
- Support teeth, shape of face, orbital and nasal cavities
- Provide attachments for facial expression—and mastication
- Maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible
Maxillae
- Largest facial bones
- Form upper jaw and meet at median intermaxillary suture
- Alveolar processes: bony points between teeth
- Alveoli: sockets that hold teeth
- Cleft palate sometimes presents when the two maxillae fail to join at the suture
- Maxillary sinus fills bones
- Larger in volume than other sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid).
Palatine Bones
- L-shaped bones
- Form posterior portion of the hard palate
- Part of the lateral nasal cavity wall
- Part of the orbital floor
- Greater palatine foramina
Zygomatic Bones
- Form angles of cheekbones and part of the lateral orbital walls
- Zygomaticofacial foramen
Lacrimal Bones
- Smallest bones of the skull
- Form part of medial wall of each orbit
- Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
- Tears collect in sacs and drain into nasal cavity
Nasal Bones
- Form the bridge of nose
- Often fractured
- Support cartilages that shape lower portion
Inferior Nasal Conchae
- Largest of three conchae
- Separate from other conchae—parts of ethmoid bone
Vomer
- Inferior half of nasal septum
- Supports cartilage that forms anterior part of nasal septum
Mandible
- Strongest bone of the skull
- Only one to noticeably move
- Alveolar processes between teeth
- Mental symphysis- joint at midline
- Mental foramen on anterolateral surface (nerves/vessels of chin)
- Mandibular foramen on medial surface (nerves/vessels of lower teeth)
The Upper Limb
- Divided into four regions:
- Brachium (arm): humerus
- Antebrachium (forearm): radius and ulna
- Carpus (wrist): 8 small bones in two rows
- Manus (hand): metacarpals and phalanges
The Humerus
- Proximal end: hemispherical head articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula (anatomical neck)
- Greater and lesser tubercles and deltoid tuberosity
- Intertubercular sulcus holds biceps tendon
- Surgical neck
- Distal end: rounded capitulum articulates with head of radius; trochlea articulates with ulna
- Lateral and medial epicondyles
- Lateral supracondylar ridge (more delicate)
- Olecranon fossa holds olecranon process of ulna
Radius
- Head: disc-shaped, allows for rotation during pronation and supination
- Superior surface articulates with capitulum on humerus
- Side of disc spins on radial notch on ulna
- Radial tuberosity for biceps muscle
- Styloid process (palpated near thumb)—ulnar notch
Ulna
- Trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus
- Olecranon: bony point at back of elbow
- Coronoid process
- Radial notch holds head of radius
- Styloid process
Carpal Bones
- Eight bones
- Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
- Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
Metacarpal Bones
- Palm bones
- Metacarpal I proximal to base of thumb
- Metacarpal V proximal to base of little finger
- Proximal base, body, and distal head
Phalanges
- Bones in fingers
- Thumb or pollex has two phalanges (proximal, distal)
- Fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
The Lower Limb
- Divided into four regions:
- Femoral region (thigh): femur and patella
- Crural region (leg): tibia and fibula
- Tarsal region (ankle/foot): tarsal bones
- Pedal region (foot): metatarsals and phalanges
The Femur
- Longest and strongest bone of the human body
- Head articulates with acetabulum (hip socket): fovea capitis (ligament pit)
- Greater and lesser trochanters for muscle attachment
- Intertrochanteric crest
- Linea aspera
- Greater and lesser trochanters
- Lateral epicondyles and medial epicondyles
- Intercondylar fossa
- Patellar and popliteal surfaces
The Patella
- Triangular sesamoid bone embedded in tendon of knee
- Cartilaginous at birth; ossifies by age 3–6
The Tibia
- Thick, medial, leg bone
- Only weight-bearing bone of the crural region
- Medial and lateral condyles
- Intercondylar eminence is the ridge separating condyles
- Tibial tuberosity for patella ligament attachment
- Anterior border—sharp, angular
- Medial malleolus—bony knob on inside of the ankle
The Fibula
- Slender, lateral strut that helps stabilize the ankle
- Does not bear any body weight
- Head, proximal end
- Lateral malleolus—distal expansion
- Attaches to tibia with interosseous membrane
The Ankle and Foot
- Tarsal bones in ankle—differ, calcaneus is largest of the tarsal bones
- Forms heel; distal portion is point of attachment
- Talus is superior tarsal bone—forms ankle joint with tibia and fibula
- Sits on calcaneus; articulates with navicular
- Proximal row: talus, calcaneus, navicular
- Distal row: medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid
- Metatarsals and phalanges—similar to hand bones.
- Arcs are held with short, strong ligaments
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