Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the contribution of palm oil to Malaysia's GDP in 2020?
What was the contribution of palm oil to Malaysia's GDP in 2020?
- 1.9%
- 2.7% (correct)
- 3.5%
- 5.1%
Which of the following is NOT a method of obtaining fats and oils?
Which of the following is NOT a method of obtaining fats and oils?
- Fermentation (correct)
- Pressing
- Rendering
- Solvent Extraction
Which country is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil?
Which country is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil?
- Nigeria
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Indonesia (correct)
What percentage of the global market share does palm oil hold?
What percentage of the global market share does palm oil hold?
Which of the following is an application of palm oil?
Which of the following is an application of palm oil?
The second-largest producer and exporter of palm oil is:
The second-largest producer and exporter of palm oil is:
What is the export volume of palm oil from Malaysia in 2020?
What is the export volume of palm oil from Malaysia in 2020?
Which of the following methods follows the extraction of fats and oils?
Which of the following methods follows the extraction of fats and oils?
What is the main purpose of rendering meat scraps or fatty animal tissue?
What is the main purpose of rendering meat scraps or fatty animal tissue?
Which type of rendering uses hot water or steam to melt fatty tissues?
Which type of rendering uses hot water or steam to melt fatty tissues?
What are the two primary products produced from rendering?
What are the two primary products produced from rendering?
What effect does a low temperature rendering process have on the oil produced?
What effect does a low temperature rendering process have on the oil produced?
How is moisture removed in laboratory rendering after extracting lard?
How is moisture removed in laboratory rendering after extracting lard?
In dry rendering, how is steam utilized?
In dry rendering, how is steam utilized?
What is the primary reason seeds are cooked or cracked before oil extraction?
What is the primary reason seeds are cooked or cracked before oil extraction?
What is a consequence of excessive heat during the oil extraction process?
What is a consequence of excessive heat during the oil extraction process?
What is the primary advantage of using solvent extraction over pressing oilseeds?
What is the primary advantage of using solvent extraction over pressing oilseeds?
Which characteristic is NOT true of the solvents used in solvent extraction?
Which characteristic is NOT true of the solvents used in solvent extraction?
What process is used to recover the solvent after oil extraction?
What process is used to recover the solvent after oil extraction?
Which of the following components is typically targeted for removal during oil refining?
Which of the following components is typically targeted for removal during oil refining?
What is the main purpose of refining crude oil?
What is the main purpose of refining crude oil?
Which of the following is NOT a common solvent used in oil extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a common solvent used in oil extraction?
What is the role of percolation in the solvent extraction process?
What is the role of percolation in the solvent extraction process?
Which undesirable component includes chlorophyll from crude oils?
Which undesirable component includes chlorophyll from crude oils?
What effect does an increase in the group size of phospholipids have on their hydratability?
What effect does an increase in the group size of phospholipids have on their hydratability?
Which method does NOT contribute to the neutralization of free fatty acids in oil?
Which method does NOT contribute to the neutralization of free fatty acids in oil?
During the bleaching process of oil, what is primarily removed along with color pigments?
During the bleaching process of oil, what is primarily removed along with color pigments?
What is the primary purpose of deodorization in the oil refining process?
What is the primary purpose of deodorization in the oil refining process?
What is a common method used for bleaching oil?
What is a common method used for bleaching oil?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of deodorization?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of deodorization?
What happens to the soap formed during neutralization?
What happens to the soap formed during neutralization?
Which of the following oils may retain some odorous compounds deliberately?
Which of the following oils may retain some odorous compounds deliberately?
What is the primary goal of the degumming operation in oil refining?
What is the primary goal of the degumming operation in oil refining?
Which statement accurately describes hydratable phosphatides?
Which statement accurately describes hydratable phosphatides?
Which process follows degumming in conventional refining operations?
Which process follows degumming in conventional refining operations?
What is the consequence of the emulsifying action of phospholipids during alkali refining?
What is the consequence of the emulsifying action of phospholipids during alkali refining?
What is the purpose of deodorization in the refining process?
What is the purpose of deodorization in the refining process?
Which type of phospholipids are primarily responsible for emulsifying action?
Which type of phospholipids are primarily responsible for emulsifying action?
What impact do non-hydratable phosphatides have in the oil refining process?
What impact do non-hydratable phosphatides have in the oil refining process?
What may result from the presence of salts with metals such as copper and iron in the oil?
What may result from the presence of salts with metals such as copper and iron in the oil?
What is the primary concern regarding the use of high temperatures in fish oil extraction?
What is the primary concern regarding the use of high temperatures in fish oil extraction?
Which extraction method is noted for generating high quantities and quality of phospholipids?
Which extraction method is noted for generating high quantities and quality of phospholipids?
What is a significant drawback of using chemical solvents in fish oil extraction?
What is a significant drawback of using chemical solvents in fish oil extraction?
What component is enhanced in fish oil through effective extraction methods?
What component is enhanced in fish oil through effective extraction methods?
What is an advantage of using pulsed electric field extraction in fish oil production?
What is an advantage of using pulsed electric field extraction in fish oil production?
What characterizes a high voltage rendering process in fish oil extraction?
What characterizes a high voltage rendering process in fish oil extraction?
What does the dry extraction method primarily focus on?
What does the dry extraction method primarily focus on?
What is a drawback of the complexity of extraction methods in fish oil production?
What is a drawback of the complexity of extraction methods in fish oil production?
Which extraction method helps to improve extraction rates and enhance the quality of fish oils?
Which extraction method helps to improve extraction rates and enhance the quality of fish oils?
What is typically a characteristic of solvent extraction methods?
What is typically a characteristic of solvent extraction methods?
Flashcards
Rendering
Rendering
The process of separating fats and oils from animal tissues using heat and mechanical agitation.
Pressing or Expelling
Pressing or Expelling
A method of extracting oil from oilseeds by applying pressure to crush the seeds and release the oil.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Extraction
A technique to extract oil from oilseeds using a solvent to dissolve the oil, which is then separated from the solvent.
Refining
Refining
A series of processes used to remove impurities and improve the quality of fats and oils.
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Modifying
Modifying
Processes designed to alter the physical and chemical properties of fats and oils to meet specific applications.
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Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
A key player in the global palm oil market, contributing significantly to Malaysia's economy.
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Crude Oil Extraction
Crude Oil Extraction
The process of extracting crude oil from its source, whether animal, marine, or plant.
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Global Market Share of Malaysian Palm Oil
Global Market Share of Malaysian Palm Oil
The percentage of the global palm oil market represented by Malaysian palm oil.
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Dry Rendering
Dry Rendering
A type of rendering where the animal tissue is cooked under vacuum to remove moisture, allowing the fat to melt and separate.
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Wet Rendering
Wet Rendering
A type of rendering where hot water or steam is used to melt the fat from animal tissues.
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Tallow
Tallow
Fat extracted from beef.
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Lard
Lard
Fat extracted from pigs.
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Pressing or Expelling (Oilseed)
Pressing or Expelling (Oilseed)
A mechanical process used to extract oil from oilseeds by pressing them.
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Cooking Oilseeds for Pressing
Cooking Oilseeds for Pressing
Oilseeds are usually cooked slightly before pressing to break down their cell structure and melt the fat for easier oil release.
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Effects of Excessive Heat on Oil
Effects of Excessive Heat on Oil
Excessive heat during oilseed processing can cause the oil to become darker in color due to pigment formation.
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Rendering (Animal)
Rendering (Animal)
Extraction process where raw materials are heated to separate lipids (oils) from solids.
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High Temperature Rendering
High Temperature Rendering
A method using high temperatures to extract oil. Risky for food-grade oils due to potential degradation (breaking down) of the oil.
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Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
A method that improves extraction efficiency by utilizing electrical fields to break down cell membranes, enhancing oil release.
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Horizontal Screw Press
Horizontal Screw Press
A method of extraction that uses a horizontal screw to press and separate oil from materials, like a giant meat grinder.
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Steam Rendering
Steam Rendering
A type of rendering where steam is used to heat and separate oil from raw materials. More gentle than high-temperature rendering.
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Fish Oil Extraction Methods Goal
Fish Oil Extraction Methods Goal
The goal of these methods is to extract fish oil effectively while maximizing the quality of the oil. It's about increasing the amount of oil obtained and keeping its beneficial nutrients.
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Alternative Fish Oil Extraction Methods
Alternative Fish Oil Extraction Methods
These methods have been developed to replace solvent extraction for fish oil production. Solvent extraction is less sustainable and can pose risks to the environment/food safety.
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Pressing Oil Extraction
Pressing Oil Extraction
A method of oil extraction that uses a mechanical press to squeeze oil from oilseeds. It is considered a more traditional method and generally produces a higher quality oil because it uses lower temperatures and doesn't involve any chemical solvents.
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Percolation
Percolation
A process in solvent extraction where the solvent is poured over the oilseeds to extract the oil. It's like letting coffee grounds soak in hot water.
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Distillation
Distillation
The process of separating the solvent from the extracted oil in solvent extraction. Think of heating a pot of water and separating the steam from the water.
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Refining Crude Oil
Refining Crude Oil
A series of physical and chemical treatments applied to crude oil to improve its quality and remove undesirable components. Refining ensures the oil meets specific standards for consumption.
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Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)
Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)
These are acids found in oil that need to be removed during refining. They can contribute to unpleasant tastes and odors.
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Pigment
Pigment
This category includes compounds like chlorophyll that give oil its color and need to be removed during refining to improve the oil's appearance.
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Waxes
Waxes
These are undesirable components in oil that need to be removed during refining. They can contribute to rancidity and other issues.
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Degumming
Degumming
The process of removing phosphatides from vegetable oils.
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Hydratable Phosphatides
Hydratable Phosphatides
Phospholipids that can easily be removed from oil with water.
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Non-Hydratable Phosphatides (NHP)
Non-Hydratable Phosphatides (NHP)
Phospholipids that are difficult to remove with water.
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Phosphatides
Phosphatides
A compound found in vegetable oils that contributes to their 'gummy' texture.
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Neutralization (Refining)
Neutralization (Refining)
The process of removing free fatty acids (FFAs) from vegetable oils.
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Bleaching (Decolorisation)
Bleaching (Decolorisation)
The removal of color from vegetable oils using a bleaching agent.
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Deodorization
Deodorization
The process of removing odors and flavors from vegetable oils using heat and vacuum.
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Converting NHP to Hydratable Phosphatides
Converting NHP to Hydratable Phosphatides
The process of converting non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable phosphatides using an acid.
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Neutralization (Deacidification)
Neutralization (Deacidification)
The process of removing acidic components from oil using an alkali (like lye or NaOH). This neutralizes the acids and forms soap which gets removed.
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Soap Formation During Neutralization
Soap Formation During Neutralization
A neutral oil is formed when free fatty acids (FFAs) in oil react with an alkali (like NaOH), generating soap as a byproduct.
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Purpose of Deodorization
Purpose of Deodorization
In oil refining, deodorization removes odoriferous compounds, residual FFAs, and carotenoids, resulting in a more stable, flavorful oil.
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Size of phospholipid group and hydratability
Size of phospholipid group and hydratability
Phospholipids are more easily removed from oil if the group is larger.
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Dilute Caustic-based (semi) continuous neutralization
Dilute Caustic-based (semi) continuous neutralization
This process involves removing free fatty acids (FFAs) and residual phospholipids by using a dilute caustic solution.
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Food Processing Technology - Fats and Oils
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Course: FST 548
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Chapter: 1
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Topic: Fats and Oils
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Chapter outcomes: Students should be able to explain the processing of fats and oils, and describe the production of specialty fats.
Processing of Fats and Oils
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Methods to obtain fats and oils from animal, marine, and plant sources are rendering, pressing/expelling, and solvent extraction.
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Rendering involves heating animal scraps or fatty tissues to melt the fat, which then rises and separates from the solids.
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Various refining and modifications follow the extraction methods.
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Pressing/expelling uses mechanical presses or expellers to extract oil from seeds; seeds are usually cooked, slightly ground or cracked to break down cell structure and melt fat.
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Excessive heat during pressing/expelling can lead to darker colors in the extracted oil.
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The extracted oil needs to be further clarified using filtration equipment to remove impurities.
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Solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oil from oilseeds; solvents are percolated through seeds, then distilled and recovered for reuse.
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The oil-free residual seed from solvent extraction can be used for animal feed.
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia (2020)
- Contribution to GDP: 2.7%
- Exported volume: 16.2 million metric tons
- Export value: RM 73.3 billion
- Global market share: Palm Oil - 31.4%
- Global position: Second-largest producer and exporter after Indonesia
- Applications: Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals
Palm Oil and Environmental Concerns
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Indonesia is home to rich and diverse rainforests with unique endangered wildlife (orangutans, elephants, tigers).
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Palm oil plantations are destroying these rainforests, with over 3.5 million hectares lost in the past 20 years.
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Orangutan habitat has decreased by nearly 80% in the past 20 years, with over 6,000 losing their lives yearly.
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The number of Sumatran tigers is now severely endangered with only around 400 left.
Types of Rendering
- Dry rendering cooks tissues under vacuum to remove moisture.
- Wet rendering uses hot water or steam to melt out fatty tissues from animal materials
Rendering Process (Animal)
- Rendering involves heating meat scraps or fatty animal tissue to melt fat.
- Melted fat and water rise to the top, while the remaining tissues settle down.
- Fat is separated out by skimming or centrifugation.
- Products include Tallow (beef) and Lard (pig).
Temperature of Rendering Process
- Low temperature produces lighter colour and less meaty flavour.
- High temperature produces darker colour and more meaty flavour.
Processing of Fats and Oils: Summary
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Various methods exist for extracting fats and oils from diverse sources.
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Extraction methods are followed by refining and modification steps.
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Palm oil is an economically important commodity but also raises significant environmental concerns regarding rainforest destruction and wildlife endangerment.
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