FST 548 Chapter 1: Fats and Oils

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Questions and Answers

What was the contribution of palm oil to Malaysia's GDP in 2020?

1.9%

2.7% (correct)

3.5%

5.1%

Which of the following is NOT a method of obtaining fats and oils?

Fermentation (correct)

Pressing

Rendering

Solvent Extraction

Which country is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil?

Nigeria

Malaysia

Thailand

Indonesia (correct)

What percentage of the global market share does palm oil hold?

31.4% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an application of palm oil?

Cosmetics Signup and view all the answers

The second-largest producer and exporter of palm oil is:

Malaysia Signup and view all the answers

What is the export volume of palm oil from Malaysia in 2020?

16.2 million metric tons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods follows the extraction of fats and oils?

Refining and modifying Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of rendering meat scraps or fatty animal tissue?

To separate fat from animal tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rendering uses hot water or steam to melt fatty tissues?

Wet Rendering Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary products produced from rendering?

Tallow and Lard Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a low temperature rendering process have on the oil produced?

Produces a lighter color and less meaty flavor Signup and view all the answers

How is moisture removed in laboratory rendering after extracting lard?

Through filtration and use of anhydrous sodium sulfate Signup and view all the answers

In dry rendering, how is steam utilized?

It surrounds the tank but does not mix with the material. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason seeds are cooked or cracked before oil extraction?

To enhance the oil yield by breaking down cell structure Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive heat during the oil extraction process?

Development of more pigment and darker color oil Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using solvent extraction over pressing oilseeds?

It achieves a higher oil extraction rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true of the solvents used in solvent extraction?

High boiling point Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to recover the solvent after oil extraction?

Distillation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is typically targeted for removal during oil refining?

Flavors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of refining crude oil?

To eliminate undesirable components while preserving valuable nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common solvent used in oil extraction?

Ethanol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of percolation in the solvent extraction process?

To allow the solvent to flow through the seeds and extract oil. Signup and view all the answers

Which undesirable component includes chlorophyll from crude oils?

Pigment Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in the group size of phospholipids have on their hydratability?

Increases hydratability Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT contribute to the neutralization of free fatty acids in oil?

Chemical bleaching agents Signup and view all the answers

During the bleaching process of oil, what is primarily removed along with color pigments?

Residual phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of deodorization in the oil refining process?

To improve flavor stability Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used for bleaching oil?

Adsorption on solids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of deodorization?

Improving oil color Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the soap formed during neutralization?

It is removed by centrifugation or filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oils may retain some odorous compounds deliberately?

Olive oil Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the degumming operation in oil refining?

To eliminate phospholipids and reduce oil losses Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes hydratable phosphatides?

They can easily settle out of oil when wetted with water. Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows degumming in conventional refining operations?

Neutralization Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the emulsifying action of phospholipids during alkali refining?

It leads to increased oil losses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deodorization in the refining process?

To distill odors and flavors, including free fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phospholipids are primarily responsible for emulsifying action?

Hydratable Phosphatides Signup and view all the answers

What impact do non-hydratable phosphatides have in the oil refining process?

They are difficult to remove and may require acid treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What may result from the presence of salts with metals such as copper and iron in the oil?

Increased oil oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of high temperatures in fish oil extraction?

Risk of thermal degradation of oil Signup and view all the answers

Which extraction method is noted for generating high quantities and quality of phospholipids?

Wet rendering Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using chemical solvents in fish oil extraction?

Generates toxic byproducts Signup and view all the answers

What component is enhanced in fish oil through effective extraction methods?

EPA and DHA content Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using pulsed electric field extraction in fish oil production?

Improved extraction rate Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a high voltage rendering process in fish oil extraction?

Is designed to be efficient and cost-effective Signup and view all the answers

What does the dry extraction method primarily focus on?

Solvent elimination Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of the complexity of extraction methods in fish oil production?

Increased costs of extraction Signup and view all the answers

Which extraction method helps to improve extraction rates and enhance the quality of fish oils?

Various tailored techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a characteristic of solvent extraction methods?

Can pose a risk of toxic nature Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Food Processing Technology - Fats and Oils

Course: FST 548
Chapter: 1
Topic: Fats and Oils
Chapter outcomes: Students should be able to explain the processing of fats and oils, and describe the production of specialty fats.

Processing of Fats and Oils

Methods to obtain fats and oils from animal, marine, and plant sources are rendering, pressing/expelling, and solvent extraction.
Rendering involves heating animal scraps or fatty tissues to melt the fat, which then rises and separates from the solids.
Various refining and modifications follow the extraction methods.
Pressing/expelling uses mechanical presses or expellers to extract oil from seeds; seeds are usually cooked, slightly ground or cracked to break down cell structure and melt fat.
Excessive heat during pressing/expelling can lead to darker colors in the extracted oil.
The extracted oil needs to be further clarified using filtration equipment to remove impurities.
Solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oil from oilseeds; solvents are percolated through seeds, then distilled and recovered for reuse.
The oil-free residual seed from solvent extraction can be used for animal feed.

Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia (2020)

Contribution to GDP: 2.7%
Exported volume: 16.2 million metric tons
Export value: RM 73.3 billion
Global market share: Palm Oil - 31.4%
Global position: Second-largest producer and exporter after Indonesia
Applications: Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals

Palm Oil and Environmental Concerns

Indonesia is home to rich and diverse rainforests with unique endangered wildlife (orangutans, elephants, tigers).
Palm oil plantations are destroying these rainforests, with over 3.5 million hectares lost in the past 20 years.
Orangutan habitat has decreased by nearly 80% in the past 20 years, with over 6,000 losing their lives yearly.
The number of Sumatran tigers is now severely endangered with only around 400 left.

Types of Rendering

Dry rendering cooks tissues under vacuum to remove moisture.
Wet rendering uses hot water or steam to melt out fatty tissues from animal materials

Rendering Process (Animal)

Rendering involves heating meat scraps or fatty animal tissue to melt fat.
Melted fat and water rise to the top, while the remaining tissues settle down.
Fat is separated out by skimming or centrifugation.
Products include Tallow (beef) and Lard (pig).

Temperature of Rendering Process

Low temperature produces lighter colour and less meaty flavour.
High temperature produces darker colour and more meaty flavour.

Processing of Fats and Oils: Summary

Various methods exist for extracting fats and oils from diverse sources.
Extraction methods are followed by refining and modification steps.
Palm oil is an economically important commodity but also raises significant environmental concerns regarding rainforest destruction and wildlife endangerment.

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Description

Explore the fundamental methods of processing fats and oils in this quiz based on FST 548. Learn about extraction techniques such as rendering, pressing, and solvent extraction, along with the production of specialty fats. Test your knowledge on how these processes impact the quality and clarity of oils.