FST 548 Chapter 1: Fats and Oils
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was the contribution of palm oil to Malaysia's GDP in 2020?

  • 1.9%
  • 2.7% (correct)
  • 3.5%
  • 5.1%

Which of the following is NOT a method of obtaining fats and oils?

  • Fermentation (correct)
  • Pressing
  • Rendering
  • Solvent Extraction

Which country is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil?

  • Nigeria
  • Malaysia
  • Thailand
  • Indonesia (correct)

What percentage of the global market share does palm oil hold?

<p>31.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an application of palm oil?

<p>Cosmetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second-largest producer and exporter of palm oil is:

<p>Malaysia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the export volume of palm oil from Malaysia in 2020?

<p>16.2 million metric tons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods follows the extraction of fats and oils?

<p>Refining and modifying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of rendering meat scraps or fatty animal tissue?

<p>To separate fat from animal tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rendering uses hot water or steam to melt fatty tissues?

<p>Wet Rendering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary products produced from rendering?

<p>Tallow and Lard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a low temperature rendering process have on the oil produced?

<p>Produces a lighter color and less meaty flavor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is moisture removed in laboratory rendering after extracting lard?

<p>Through filtration and use of anhydrous sodium sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dry rendering, how is steam utilized?

<p>It surrounds the tank but does not mix with the material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason seeds are cooked or cracked before oil extraction?

<p>To enhance the oil yield by breaking down cell structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive heat during the oil extraction process?

<p>Development of more pigment and darker color oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using solvent extraction over pressing oilseeds?

<p>It achieves a higher oil extraction rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true of the solvents used in solvent extraction?

<p>High boiling point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to recover the solvent after oil extraction?

<p>Distillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is typically targeted for removal during oil refining?

<p>Flavors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of refining crude oil?

<p>To eliminate undesirable components while preserving valuable nutrients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common solvent used in oil extraction?

<p>Ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of percolation in the solvent extraction process?

<p>To allow the solvent to flow through the seeds and extract oil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which undesirable component includes chlorophyll from crude oils?

<p>Pigment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in the group size of phospholipids have on their hydratability?

<p>Increases hydratability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT contribute to the neutralization of free fatty acids in oil?

<p>Chemical bleaching agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the bleaching process of oil, what is primarily removed along with color pigments?

<p>Residual phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of deodorization in the oil refining process?

<p>To improve flavor stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used for bleaching oil?

<p>Adsorption on solids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of deodorization?

<p>Improving oil color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the soap formed during neutralization?

<p>It is removed by centrifugation or filtration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oils may retain some odorous compounds deliberately?

<p>Olive oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the degumming operation in oil refining?

<p>To eliminate phospholipids and reduce oil losses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes hydratable phosphatides?

<p>They can easily settle out of oil when wetted with water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows degumming in conventional refining operations?

<p>Neutralization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the emulsifying action of phospholipids during alkali refining?

<p>It leads to increased oil losses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deodorization in the refining process?

<p>To distill odors and flavors, including free fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phospholipids are primarily responsible for emulsifying action?

<p>Hydratable Phosphatides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do non-hydratable phosphatides have in the oil refining process?

<p>They are difficult to remove and may require acid treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may result from the presence of salts with metals such as copper and iron in the oil?

<p>Increased oil oxidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of high temperatures in fish oil extraction?

<p>Risk of thermal degradation of oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extraction method is noted for generating high quantities and quality of phospholipids?

<p>Wet rendering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using chemical solvents in fish oil extraction?

<p>Generates toxic byproducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is enhanced in fish oil through effective extraction methods?

<p>EPA and DHA content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using pulsed electric field extraction in fish oil production?

<p>Improved extraction rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a high voltage rendering process in fish oil extraction?

<p>Is designed to be efficient and cost-effective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dry extraction method primarily focus on?

<p>Solvent elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of the complexity of extraction methods in fish oil production?

<p>Increased costs of extraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extraction method helps to improve extraction rates and enhance the quality of fish oils?

<p>Various tailored techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a characteristic of solvent extraction methods?

<p>Can pose a risk of toxic nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rendering

The process of separating fats and oils from animal tissues using heat and mechanical agitation.

Pressing or Expelling

A method of extracting oil from oilseeds by applying pressure to crush the seeds and release the oil.

Solvent Extraction

A technique to extract oil from oilseeds using a solvent to dissolve the oil, which is then separated from the solvent.

Refining

A series of processes used to remove impurities and improve the quality of fats and oils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modifying

Processes designed to alter the physical and chemical properties of fats and oils to meet specific applications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia

A key player in the global palm oil market, contributing significantly to Malaysia's economy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crude Oil Extraction

The process of extracting crude oil from its source, whether animal, marine, or plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Global Market Share of Malaysian Palm Oil

The percentage of the global palm oil market represented by Malaysian palm oil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dry Rendering

A type of rendering where the animal tissue is cooked under vacuum to remove moisture, allowing the fat to melt and separate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wet Rendering

A type of rendering where hot water or steam is used to melt the fat from animal tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tallow

Fat extracted from beef.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lard

Fat extracted from pigs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pressing or Expelling (Oilseed)

A mechanical process used to extract oil from oilseeds by pressing them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cooking Oilseeds for Pressing

Oilseeds are usually cooked slightly before pressing to break down their cell structure and melt the fat for easier oil release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effects of Excessive Heat on Oil

Excessive heat during oilseed processing can cause the oil to become darker in color due to pigment formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rendering (Animal)

Extraction process where raw materials are heated to separate lipids (oils) from solids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Temperature Rendering

A method using high temperatures to extract oil. Risky for food-grade oils due to potential degradation (breaking down) of the oil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulsed Electric Field Extraction

A method that improves extraction efficiency by utilizing electrical fields to break down cell membranes, enhancing oil release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Horizontal Screw Press

A method of extraction that uses a horizontal screw to press and separate oil from materials, like a giant meat grinder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steam Rendering

A type of rendering where steam is used to heat and separate oil from raw materials. More gentle than high-temperature rendering.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fish Oil Extraction Methods Goal

The goal of these methods is to extract fish oil effectively while maximizing the quality of the oil. It's about increasing the amount of oil obtained and keeping its beneficial nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alternative Fish Oil Extraction Methods

These methods have been developed to replace solvent extraction for fish oil production. Solvent extraction is less sustainable and can pose risks to the environment/food safety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pressing Oil Extraction

A method of oil extraction that uses a mechanical press to squeeze oil from oilseeds. It is considered a more traditional method and generally produces a higher quality oil because it uses lower temperatures and doesn't involve any chemical solvents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Percolation

A process in solvent extraction where the solvent is poured over the oilseeds to extract the oil. It's like letting coffee grounds soak in hot water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distillation

The process of separating the solvent from the extracted oil in solvent extraction. Think of heating a pot of water and separating the steam from the water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Refining Crude Oil

A series of physical and chemical treatments applied to crude oil to improve its quality and remove undesirable components. Refining ensures the oil meets specific standards for consumption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)

These are acids found in oil that need to be removed during refining. They can contribute to unpleasant tastes and odors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pigment

This category includes compounds like chlorophyll that give oil its color and need to be removed during refining to improve the oil's appearance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Waxes

These are undesirable components in oil that need to be removed during refining. They can contribute to rancidity and other issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Degumming

The process of removing phosphatides from vegetable oils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydratable Phosphatides

Phospholipids that can easily be removed from oil with water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Hydratable Phosphatides (NHP)

Phospholipids that are difficult to remove with water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphatides

A compound found in vegetable oils that contributes to their 'gummy' texture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutralization (Refining)

The process of removing free fatty acids (FFAs) from vegetable oils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bleaching (Decolorisation)

The removal of color from vegetable oils using a bleaching agent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deodorization

The process of removing odors and flavors from vegetable oils using heat and vacuum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Converting NHP to Hydratable Phosphatides

The process of converting non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable phosphatides using an acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutralization (Deacidification)

The process of removing acidic components from oil using an alkali (like lye or NaOH). This neutralizes the acids and forms soap which gets removed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soap Formation During Neutralization

A neutral oil is formed when free fatty acids (FFAs) in oil react with an alkali (like NaOH), generating soap as a byproduct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purpose of Deodorization

In oil refining, deodorization removes odoriferous compounds, residual FFAs, and carotenoids, resulting in a more stable, flavorful oil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Size of phospholipid group and hydratability

Phospholipids are more easily removed from oil if the group is larger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dilute Caustic-based (semi) continuous neutralization

This process involves removing free fatty acids (FFAs) and residual phospholipids by using a dilute caustic solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Food Processing Technology - Fats and Oils

  • Course: FST 548

  • Chapter: 1

  • Topic: Fats and Oils

  • Chapter outcomes: Students should be able to explain the processing of fats and oils, and describe the production of specialty fats.

Processing of Fats and Oils

  • Methods to obtain fats and oils from animal, marine, and plant sources are rendering, pressing/expelling, and solvent extraction.

  • Rendering involves heating animal scraps or fatty tissues to melt the fat, which then rises and separates from the solids.

  • Various refining and modifications follow the extraction methods.

  • Pressing/expelling uses mechanical presses or expellers to extract oil from seeds; seeds are usually cooked, slightly ground or cracked to break down cell structure and melt fat.

  • Excessive heat during pressing/expelling can lead to darker colors in the extracted oil.

  • The extracted oil needs to be further clarified using filtration equipment to remove impurities.

  • Solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oil from oilseeds; solvents are percolated through seeds, then distilled and recovered for reuse.

  • The oil-free residual seed from solvent extraction can be used for animal feed.

Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia (2020)

  • Contribution to GDP: 2.7%
  • Exported volume: 16.2 million metric tons
  • Export value: RM 73.3 billion
  • Global market share: Palm Oil - 31.4%
  • Global position: Second-largest producer and exporter after Indonesia
  • Applications: Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals

Palm Oil and Environmental Concerns

  • Indonesia is home to rich and diverse rainforests with unique endangered wildlife (orangutans, elephants, tigers).

  • Palm oil plantations are destroying these rainforests, with over 3.5 million hectares lost in the past 20 years.

  • Orangutan habitat has decreased by nearly 80% in the past 20 years, with over 6,000 losing their lives yearly.

  • The number of Sumatran tigers is now severely endangered with only around 400 left.

Types of Rendering

  • Dry rendering cooks tissues under vacuum to remove moisture.
  • Wet rendering uses hot water or steam to melt out fatty tissues from animal materials

Rendering Process (Animal)

  • Rendering involves heating meat scraps or fatty animal tissue to melt fat.
  • Melted fat and water rise to the top, while the remaining tissues settle down.
  • Fat is separated out by skimming or centrifugation.
  • Products include Tallow (beef) and Lard (pig).

Temperature of Rendering Process

  • Low temperature produces lighter colour and less meaty flavour.
  • High temperature produces darker colour and more meaty flavour.

Processing of Fats and Oils: Summary

  • Various methods exist for extracting fats and oils from diverse sources.

  • Extraction methods are followed by refining and modification steps.

  • Palm oil is an economically important commodity but also raises significant environmental concerns regarding rainforest destruction and wildlife endangerment.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Fats and Oils Processing Technology PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental methods of processing fats and oils in this quiz based on FST 548. Learn about extraction techniques such as rendering, pressing, and solvent extraction, along with the production of specialty fats. Test your knowledge on how these processes impact the quality and clarity of oils.

More Like This

Fats and Oils Quiz
5 questions

Fats and Oils Quiz

InsightfulMoldavite5609 avatar
InsightfulMoldavite5609
Fats and Oils Quiz
12 questions

Fats and Oils Quiz

RestfulLearning avatar
RestfulLearning
Fats and Oils: Structure and Types
5 questions

Fats and Oils: Structure and Types

CongratulatoryNiobium avatar
CongratulatoryNiobium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser