Fruit Classification Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a pericarp?

The fruit wall, which can be fleshy or dry and develops from a ripened ovary wall

What are the three layers of a pericarp?

Exo, 2) Meso, 3) Endo

What is the exocarp?

The outer layer, the skin

What is the mesocarp?

The fleshy layer - usually eaten Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocarp?

The layer that directly surrounds the seeds Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference of the endocarp between citrus fruits and nutty fruits?

<ul> <li>In nuts, it is the stony layer that is removed</li> <li>In citrus fruits, the endocarp is separated in sections filled with juice vesicles</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a simple and compound fruit?

Compound fruits arise from more than one separate pistil, while simple fruits arise from one pistil only Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of compound fruits and what's the difference?

<ol> <li>Aggregate, 2) Multiple</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about aggregates and give an example?

Many pistils, 1 flower ex. blackberry Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about multiple compound fruits and give an example?

Many flowers ex. pineapple Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a simple and compound ovary?

A simple ovary consists of one carpel, while a compound ovary has many fused carpels. Signup and view all the answers

How can you differentiate between a carpel and a pistil?

A carpel is a single unit with an ovary, style, and stigma, while a pistil refers to one or more carpels fused together. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of simple fruits?

Fleshy and dry Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of fleshy fruits?

<ol> <li>Drupe, 2) Berry, 3) Pome</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about drupes and give an example?

Stone fruits with pits ex. cherry Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about berries and give an example?

Seeds in flesh ex. grape Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about pomes and give an example?

Inner core ex. apple Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of dry fruits?

Dehiscent and indehiscent Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dehiscent dry fruit and an indehiscent dry fruit?

Dehiscent dry fruits split open by themselves to release the seeds, while indehiscent are non-splitting dry fruits. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of dehiscent fruits?

<ol> <li>Legume, 2) Follicle, 3) Capsule</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about legumes and give an example?

2 sutures (simple pistil) ex. pea Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about follicles and give an example?

1 suture (simple pistil) ex. milkweed Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about capsules?

More than 2 sutures (compound pistil) ex. cotton Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of indehiscent fruits?

<ol> <li>Achene, 2) Samara, 3) Nut</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about achenes and give an example?

Small, 1 seeded, thin pericarp ex. sunflower Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about samaras and give an example?

Winged ex. maples Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about nuts and give an example?

Single seed with thick husk ex. acorn Signup and view all the answers

What are the five methods of seed dispersal?

<ol> <li>Water, 2) Wind, 3) Animal (inside and outside), 4) Gravity, 5) Explosive</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is placentation?

The pattern of ovule/seed attachment in the ovary Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fruit Anatomy and Classification

Pericarp refers to the fruit wall, which can be fleshy or dry, developed from a ripened ovary wall.
The pericarp consists of three layers: exocarp (outer skin), mesocarp (fleshy middle), and endocarp (layer surrounding the seeds).

Types of Pericarp

Exocarp: The outermost layer of the fruit, typically referred to as the skin.
Mesocarp: The fleshy part of the fruit that is usually consumed.
Endocarp: The inner layer that directly encases the seeds, differing between fruit types.

Endocarp Variations

In nuts, the endocarp is a stony layer that is typically removed.
In citrus fruits, the endocarp is segmented and contains juice vesicles.

Fruit Types

Simple fruits develop from one pistil, while compound fruits arise from multiple separate pistils.
Compound fruits can be subclassified into aggregate fruits (from many pistils of one flower, e.g., blackberry) and multiple fruits (from many flowers, e.g., pineapple).

Ovary Structure

A simple ovary consists of a single carpel, while a compound ovary has multiple fused carpels, akin to a house with many rooms.

Carpel vs. Pistil

A carpel is a single unit that includes the ovary, style, and stigma. Multiple carpels create a compound pistil.

Types of Simple Fruits

Simple fruits can be classified as fleshy or dry.
Fleshy fruits include drupes (stone fruits like cherries), berries (with seeds in the flesh, e.g., grapes), and pomes (inner core structure, e.g., apples).

Dry Fruit Categories

Dry fruits are categorized into dehiscent (splitting open- legumes, follicles, capsules) and indehiscent (non-splitting- achenes, samaras, nuts).

Dehiscent Dry Fruits

Legumes: Simple pistil with two sutures (e.g., peas).
Follicles: Simple pistil with one suture (e.g., milkweed).
Capsules: Compound pistil with more than two sutures (e.g., cotton).

Indehiscent Dry Fruits

Achenes: Thin pericarp containing a single seed (e.g., sunflower).
Samaras: Fruits with a wing-like structure for dispersal (e.g., maples).
Nuts: Thick husk surrounding a single seed (e.g., acorn).

Seed Dispersal Mechanisms

Common seed dispersal methods include water, wind, animal interactions (both internal and external), gravity, and explosive release.

Placentation

Placentation is defined as the arrangement of ovule or seed attachments within the ovary.

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Description

Test your knowledge on fruit classification with these flashcards! This quiz covers essential terms related to fruit structure, including pericarp layers and their definitions. Perfect for biology students and fruit enthusiasts alike.