Questions and Answers
What does Freud suggest holds the greatest influence in our personalities?
The conscious mind encompasses all thoughts and feelings that an individual is currently aware of.
True
What philosophical principle did Gilbert Ryle propose regarding the self?
I act therefore I am
According to Paul and Patricia Churchland, the self is essentially linked to the _____ .
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Match the philosophers to their views on the self:
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What concept refers to Freud's idea that desires sometimes emerge in ways people aren't aware of?
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According to John Locke, what is the primary component of the self?
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Rationalism argues that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.
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Hume believed that the self is a persistent entity that exists over time.
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What philosophical view advocates that knowledge comes from sense experience?
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What does the term eliminative materialism refer to in the context of self and brain?
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Kant views the 'self' as ________, which relates it to a spiritual or nonphysical realm.
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Match the philosopher to their main concept regarding the self:
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What primary attribute did Locke believe humans possess by nature?
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Rationalism posits that reason is the primary source of all knowledge.
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What is the main critique made by Hume regarding ideas of the self?
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What concept did Augustine of Hippo emphasize about the nature of the self?
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Descartes believed that the senses could be trusted completely to provide knowledge of the world.
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What philosophical method did Descartes introduce as a way to achieve certainty?
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The _______ is the innermost part of the self that communes with God according to Augustine.
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Match the following philosophers with their respective views:
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Which of the following best describes Hume's concept of the self?
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Kant's transcendental self is dependent purely on empirical observations and senses.
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Freud's theory posits that the unconscious mind influences behavior, often manifesting as _______ conflicts.
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What is the fundamental religious duty according to Augustine of Hippo?
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Study Notes
Sigmund Freud
- Advocated for uncovering the hidden aspects of the self; emphasized the significant role of the unconscious mind.
- The unconscious contains feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories outside of conscious awareness, influencing behavior subconsciously.
- Differentiated between the unconscious mind and conscious awareness, likening the latter to short-term memory with limited capacity.
Gilbert Ryle
- Critiqued Descartes' dualism, arguing that mental states cannot be separated from physical states.
- Proposed the idea: "I act therefore I am," emphasizing that self is equivalent to behavior.
- Concluded that the physical brain, not an imaginary mind, defines one's sense of self.
Paul and Patricia Churchland
- Affirmed that the brain provides the basis for self, as the mind cannot be experienced through the senses.
- Introduced the concept of "Eliminative Materialism," indicating that behavior can be explained by understanding brain conditions and functions.
John Locke
- Described the mind at birth as a “tabula rasa,” emphasizing knowledge acquisition through experience.
- Defined self as a continuation of consciousness, with memories forming personal identity over time.
- Supported empiricist views, believing humans are inherently good and moral; behavior is learned from surroundings.
David Hume
- Argued against the notion of a persistent self, asserting that self-identity is founded on temporary sense impressions.
- Claimed all knowledge is derived from impressions, which are direct experiences, contrasting them with ideas formed through imagination.
Immanuel Kant
- Viewed self as transcendent, connected to a spiritual realm; emphasized human agency in decision-making.
- Blended rationality with morality, emphasizing the importance of doing what is inherently right.
- Influenced by Augustine of Hippo, viewed the self as a combination of body, soul, and spirit, with each part serving a unique function in connection with the divine.
René Descartes
- Established the foundation of modern philosophy, employing doubt as a methodology to explore existence.
- His philosophical stance emphasized that sensory perceptions cannot be fully trusted for proof of existence.
- Introduced the idea of a separate mind/soul and body, with the former being a conscious, thinking substance and the latter being material and changeable over time.
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Description
Explore Sigmund Freud's influential theories on the self and the unconscious mind. This quiz delves into Freud's ideas about consciousness and the hidden aspects of our personality, framed through his metaphor of the mental iceberg. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts.
