French Revolution Overview

A system of government where the ruler has absolute power, and their authority comes from God.

A system of government where one person (a monarch) holds supreme power, but they may share some power with other institutions.

A system of government where the people hold the power and elect their leaders.

A system where power is divided between three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.

A belief that a strong ruler is necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos.

A belief that a government should be based on the consent of the governed and should be for the benefit of the people.

A belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.

A system of government where the monarch relies on advisors and other institutions for support and guidance.

The Estates-General was a gathering of representatives from the three social classes (estates) in France. The Third Estate, consisting of commoners, was unhappy because they had to pay most of the taxes but had little power.

The National Assembly was formed by the Third Estate in June 1789 after they were dissatisfied with the voting process in the Estates-General. They wanted more power and control over the government.

The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge made by the National Assembly in June 1789. The Assembly, having been locked out of their meeting place, moved to a tennis court and vowed to stay together until they had created a new constitution for France.

The storming of the Bastille was a pivotal event in the French Revolution, where the people of Paris, angered by food shortages, high prices, and the king's refusal to yield power, stormed the Bastille prison. They hoped to seize weapons and gunpowder to defend themselves. The fall of the Bastille symbolized the people's defiance against the king's authority and their determination for change.

Rousseau believed in a government where the people have a direct say in making laws and decisions. This type of government is designed for the benefit of all citizens. He believed that people could be trusted to govern, but only under the right conditions.

Aristotle believed in a government that focuses on serving everyone's best interests. He supported a system where citizens actively participate in governing, but he emphasized the importance of education to make good decisions.

Plato believed in a government led by a small group of wise rulers who know what is best for everyone. He did not trust the general population to make decisions and believed that only the most knowledgeable should govern.

This document limited the power of the English king and established the principle that even rulers must obey the law.

This event led to the overthrow of King James II of England and the establishment of a limited monarchy with William III and Mary II as co-monarchs. It laid the foundation for key democratic principles like limited power of the monarchy, protection of rights, and the rule of law.

The English Bill of Rights outlined the rights of Parliament and citizens, limiting the power of the monarchy further, contributing to the establishment of a more democratic system.

Also known as the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the Triangle Trade involved a network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. European merchants shipped manufactured goods like textiles and weapons to Africa, exchanging them for enslaved Africans. These enslaved people were then transported to the Americas to work on plantations, producing crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These crops were then shipped back to Europe, completing the triangular trade route.

The Middle Passage was the horrific journey enslaved Africans endured from Africa to the Americas. Packed tightly into ships, they faced unsanitary conditions, disease, and extreme cruelty. It was a brutal and tragic part of the Triangle Trade.

A historic event in 1688 where Parliament asserted its rights over the monarchy, limiting the power of the king and providing protections for English subjects.

A revolutionary event in 1776 where colonial opposition to British control led to the establishment of the United States of America.

A major upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, marking the end of the feudal system, the French absolute monarchy, and a drastic change in France's political landscape.

The process of transforming economies from agriculture and handicrafts to large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. It started in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, leading to significant changes in society and the world.

This revolution focused on improving farming methods and techniques, which led to increased food production, decreased labor needs on farms, and ultimately helped fuel the Industrial Revolution by creating a surplus of workers.

1. Introduction of new crop rotation techniques. 2. Development of new tools and machinery like the seed drill and threshing machine. 3. Selective breeding of livestock to increase productivity.

England was the first country to industrialize due to a combination of factors such as: readily available natural resources like coal and iron, a stable and growing population thanks to agricultural advancements, a strong banking system to finance industries, and a supportive government policy.

First nation to industrialize due to factors like the agricultural revolution, abundant coal reserves, favorable geography, political stability, and a vast colonial empire.

A machine that uses steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat.

The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities, driven by people moving from rural areas to seek work in factories and industries.

A system where the country's trade and industry are controlled by private individuals for profit.

A belief that sharing ownership of the means of production equally among society would improve people's quality of life, aiming to provide free access to basic necessities.

A type of government and economic system where the means of production are owned by the state and there is no private property.

Organized groups of workers who unite to make decisions about working conditions and strive to achieve economic justice in the workplace.

A policy of expanding a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

The belief that different races or social groups are more advanced than others, often used to justify colonialism and mistreatment.

The idea that white people had a duty to manage the affairs of non-white people whom they saw as less developed, often used to justify colonialism.

Economic growth and rivalry between nations were the main reasons for European Imperialism. They sought resources, markets, and strategic power.

The Berlin Conference, organized by Otto von Bismarck, was a meeting between European powers to divide Africa into colonies without considering African interests.

Direct control meant the government of a colony was directly run by officials of the controlling country, while indirect control allowed for local rulers to govern under the guidance of the controlling power.

Economic motivation, driven by industrialization in Europe, played a key role in the colonization of Africa as European nations sought raw materials for their factories.

A colony has no internal control and is part of the colonizing nation, while a protectorate is an independent state but has its external affairs controlled by a protector country.