Questions and Answers
What social class in France was made up of peasants, artisans, and the middle class?
Name one reason for France's financial crisis in 1789.
National Debt
What was one moderate reform made by the National Assembly between 1789-1791?
Ended Privileges
Who were the radicals who saw themselves as the defenders of the revolution?
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Who was the leader of the Jacobins who headed the Committee of Public Safety?
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Name one of the effects of the French Revolution on France.
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What domestic policy issued by Napoleon preserved many rights the revolutionaries had fought for?
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What accounted for the high mortality rate of the French Army in Russia?
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What was the chief goal of the Congress of Vienna?
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What did the Napoleonic Code hold that was adopted by many countries?
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What weakened Spain's control over colonies in Latin America?
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What event more than doubled the size of the United States?
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Who led the British navy to victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar?
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Who was the Queen of France when the French Revolution took place?
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What social class in France was made up of the nobility?
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What term refers to the French middle class?
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Who took over the Directory in 1799 and eventually named himself Emperor of France?
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What was a meeting of delegates representing each social class called?
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What does 'Sans-Culottes' mean?
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What is a person who flees his or her country for political reasons called?
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What device was used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading?
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What is a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country called?
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What oath did the National Assembly take, promising not to disband until they had written a constitution?
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What group consisted of moderates who felt the revolution had gone far enough?
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What is a sudden overthrow of the government called?
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What period from September 1793 to July 1794 was marked by mass arrests and executions?
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Where was Napoleon defeated for good in Belgium?
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What document did the National Assembly compose in August 1789?
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What marked the end of the Reign of Terror?
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Who was the absolute monarch of France at the start of the French Revolution?
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What military tactic involves destroying everything in the path to hurt the enemy?
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What French prison was stormed by a huge mob to steal weapons needed to defend the Assembly?
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Study Notes
Social Classes in France
- 3rd Estate: Composed of peasants, artisans, and the middle class; the largest social class.
- 2nd Estate: Made up of the nobility; held privileges and power.
- Bourgeoisie: Refers to the French middle class, part of the Third Estate with economic wealth but limited political power.
Financial Crisis and Revolution
- National Debt: Contributed significantly to France's financial issues in 1789, prompting political changes.
- Ended Privileges: A reform by the National Assembly that aimed to create equality among citizens.
Revolutionary Groups and Leaders
- Jacobins: Radical political group advocating for the revolution and gaining popular support.
- Robespierre: Key leader of the Jacobins and head of the Committee of Public Safety, instrumental during the Reign of Terror.
Revolutionary Effects and Policies
- Nationalism Spreads: Resulted from the revolution, fostering a strong national identity in France.
- Napoleonic Code: Napoleon's legal framework that preserved rights and reflected Enlightenment ideals; widely adopted in various countries.
Major Events and Battles
- Invasion of Spain: Undermined Spanish authority over Latin American colonies, leading to uprisings.
- Horatio Nelson: British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar, securing British naval dominance.
Important Figures
- Marie Antoinette: The Queen of France at the onset of the revolution, symbol of royal excess.
- Louis XVI: The absolute monarch at the start of the French Revolution, executed during it.
Government Changes and Oaths
- Estates General: Assembly representing France's different social classes, convened to address financial issues.
- Tennis Court Oath: Commitment by the National Assembly to remain united until a constitution was established.
Violence and Power Struggles
- Sans-Culottes: Working-class individuals crucial to the revolution, advocating radical changes.
- Guillotine: Instrument used during the Reign of Terror for mass executions as a symbol of revolutionary justice.
- Reign of Terror: A period of political purges from September 1793 to July 1794 where thousands were executed for counter-revolutionary activities.
Additional Historical Context
- Coup d'état: Sudden overthrow of government, notably by Napoleon in 1799.
- Execution of Robespierre: Event signifying the end of the Reign of Terror and a shift in revolutionary tactics.
Territorial Changes and Key Treaties
- Louisiana Purchase: Expanded the United States significantly, more than doubling its size.
- Bastille: Site of a major event where revolutionaries stormed the prison for arms, symbolizing the uprising against tyranny.
Military Tactics
- Scorched-Earth Policy: Strategy used to hinder enemies by destroying resources along their path, particularly observed during Napoleon's campaigns.
Lasting Impacts
- Lasting Peace: Goal of the Congress of Vienna to establish a balance of power and restore monarchy systems across Europe post-revolution.
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Description
Explore key terms and concepts from the French Revolution through these informative flashcards. Each card provides definitions for pivotal ideas, making it easier to understand the societal changes and financial crises that shaped this historic period.
