French in Canada: History and Trade
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Questions and Answers

What was Samuel de Champlain's primary motive for arriving in Canada?

  • To spread French culture and language
  • To explore the interior land of Canada
  • To establish permanent settlements
  • To engage in the lucrative fur trade (correct)

Why did the French king support permanent settlements in Canada?

  • To dominate the region against Spanish influence
  • To enhance trade relations with indigenous nations
  • To improve land defense and reduce military costs (correct)
  • To ensure a steady supply of fur pelts

Which location was considered more optimal for French fur trading posts?

  • Montreal for its agricultural potential
  • Toronto for its central location
  • Port Royal due to its coastal access
  • Quebec for its waterways and proximity to pelts (correct)

What was the relationship between the French and indigenous peoples regarding the fur trade?

<p>The French and indigenous peoples collaborated for mutual benefit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the French approach to indigenous peoples from that of the English?

<p>The French initially had a less harmful interaction than the English (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographic reason made Port Royal less favorable for the fur trade?

<p>It was on the outskirts of Canada and lacked optimal resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key advantage of Quebec's location for the fur trade?

<p>Proximity to an intricate system of waterways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the fur trade was critical for Samuel de Champlain's success?

<p>Collaboration with indigenous peoples for resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were most First Nations' reasons for participating in the fur trade?

<p>To acquire goods and benefits in exchange for pelts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason the Acadians refused to take an oath of loyalty to the British King?

<p>Their religious beliefs prevented loyalty to a monarch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two islands did Britain allow France to keep according to the Treaty of Utrecht?

<p>Île Saint Jean and Île Royale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Beaver Wars primarily about?

<p>Access to Northern pelts between the French and Iroquois. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event allowed Britain control over much of Acadia?

<p>The conclusion of the War of Spanish Succession. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mistake did Britain make regarding the fortification of Louisbourg?

<p>They granted French control of the waterways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which war did the British attack Louisbourg?

<p>War of Austrian Succession (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for the Acadians after their refusal to swear loyalty to the British Crown in 1755?

<p>Nothing significant happened to them at that time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Indigenous group sided with the British during the Beaver Wars?

<p>Iroquois (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?

<p>The return of Île Royal to France. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in Acadia in 1755?

<p>The deportation of Acadians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the French building the fort 'Louisbourg'?

<p>It restricted British naval access to Quebec. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which allied Indigenous groups fought alongside the French against the Iroquois?

<p>Huron and Algonquin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of Acadia after many British colonists arrived?

<p>It was renamed to Nova Scotia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the relationship between the Acadians and the British after the War of Spanish Succession?

<p>Skepticism about Acadian loyalty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Samuel de Champlain's goal in Canada

Samuel de Champlain arrived in Canada in the 17th century, motivated by the lucrative fur trade, and he saw a valuable business opportunity in collecting and selling pelts.

French king's reasoning for settlements in Canada

The French king encouraged permanent settlements in Canada to protect the land (and thus, the fur trade) from threats, as it was more cost-effective than sending an army every time.

Port Royal's location and its drawbacks

Port Royal was a French fur trade post established on the East Coast of Canada. However, it wasn't ideal because it was on the outskirts of Canada and far from the central locations where most beaver pelts were found.

Quebec as a strategic location for fur trade

Quebec was a more strategic location for fur trading because it was inland, near a network of navigable rivers and waterways which made transportation of pelts easier.

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Significance of Indigenous people in the fur trade

The fur trade was a crucial part of the French presence in Canada. Samuel de Champlain needed to work with Indigenous people to locate pelts, transport them to the trading posts, and utilize their knowledge of the land.

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French fur trade vs. English agriculture

The French fur trade was initially less harmful to First Nations than the English agricultural settlement, as it involved a more mutually beneficial exchange of goods for pelts.

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First Nations' participation in the fur trade

Most First Nations participated in the fur trade on their own terms, exchanging their furs for valuable goods, which made the system profitable for both sides.

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First Nations' preference for French trade

The French fur trade and its benefits for First Nations led to them often siding with them instead of the English settlers.

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French fur trade: cooperation and exchange

The French fur trade was not just a ruthless pursuit, but relied on cooperation and exchange with First Nations, making it a mutually beneficial system for a while.

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Factors influencing the success of fur trading posts

Location played a significant role in the success of fur trading posts. The ideal location was inland, near waterways, and close to the areas where beavers were commonly found.

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Beaver Wars

A series of conflicts between the French and the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) in the 17th century over control of the fur trade in North America.

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Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)

A powerful Indigenous confederacy in North America involved in the Beaver Wars with the French.

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Huron

An Indigenous group allied with the French in the Beaver Wars to protect their territory from the Iroquois.

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Algonquin

An Indigenous group allied with the French in the Beaver Wars who were enemies of the Iroquois.

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War of Spanish Succession

A major European war that ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, impacting control of Acadia (Nova Scotia).

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Acadia

A historical territory in North America, formerly a French colony, which became part of British Nova Scotia.

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Treaty of Utrecht

A treaty signed in 1713 that ended the War of Spanish Succession, leading to changes in North American territories, including Britain taking most of Acadia from the French.

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Île Saint Jean (PEI)

The main island of the province of Prince Edward Island, previously known as Île Saint Jean under French rule.

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Île Royal (Cape Breton)

The island of Cape Breton, originally known as Île Royal, remaining in French possession after the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Oath of Loyalty to the British King

A pledge of allegiance to the British King, which the Acadians were asked to take.

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French Catholic Faith

The French Catholic belief system which caused conflict with the British oath of loyalty requiring acceptance of the British monarch as head of church.

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1755

The year in which the Acadians were forcibly relocated from their homes in Nova Scotia by the British.

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Fort Louisbourg

A French fort built on Cape Breton Island by the French after the Treaty of Utrecht, which helped them control maritime access to New France.

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War of Austrian Succession

A major European conflict that saw the British seize Fort Louisbourg from the French, further increasing tensions between the two powers.

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

A treaty signed in 1748 that ended the War of Austrian Succession, leading to the return of Île Royal (Cape Breton) to France.

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Study Notes

French in Canada

  • Samuel de Champlain arrived in the 17th century, seeking profitable fur trade opportunities, not colonization.
  • The French monarchy sought permanent settlements for easier defense and reduced military expenses.
  • Port Royal was a strategically poor fur trading post, located on the outskirts of Canada.
  • Quebec, located inland and near waterways, offered better access for fur trade, making it more viable.
  • Champlain relied on Indigenous people's knowledge of the land for efficient fur trading.
  • The French prioritized the fur trade, while the English focused on agriculture.
  • Mutual benefit existed between first nations and French in fur trade.

Timeline: Fate of the Acadians and New France

  • Beaver Wars involved Iroquois and French-allied Huron and Algonquin, over fur trade.
  • The War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) awarded Britain control of much of Acadia.
  • Acadians refused to take oaths of loyalty to the British Crown, because it meant rejecting the authority of the Pope.
  • Acadians faced deportation because of their refusal to swear loyalty.
  • France initially kept Île Saint Jean and Île Royal.
  • The French built a fort "Louisbourg" in Cape Breton.

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

  • British seized control of Louisbourg.
  • Many Acadians supported French, further complicating political relations.
  • Ile Royale (Cape Breton) was returned to France.
  • Deportation of Acadians occurred in 1755.

New France by 1750

  • New France experienced significant growth over 150 years.
  • The nature of the fur trade hindered permanent settlement.
  • British colonies in North America, focused on farming, grew rapidly.
  • European conflicts like the War of Spanish Succession contributed to French losses of territory.

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French In Canada Notes PDF

Description

Explore the impact of French settlement in Canada during the 17th century, focusing on fur trade and relations with Indigenous peoples. Understand the strategic choices made by Samuel de Champlain and the influence of historical events like the Beaver Wars and the War of Spanish Succession on Acadian fate.

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