Free Will and Physicalism

Libertarianism argues that we are free to act in ways other than we actually do.

Determinism suggests that everything flows from cause and effect sequences, including our environment and biology.

<p>Compatibilism holds that determinism does not rule out free will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introspection / Subjective experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introspection, while providing a subjective experience, can be prone to biases. This is known as the Subjective Measures Problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism, Identity Theory, Computational Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism primarily focuses on behavior and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity Theory proposes an identity relationship between mental states and specific brain processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computational Theory emphasizes the function and information processing aspects of mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific theories must be formulated in a way that allows them to be falsified. This principle ensures that the theory is testable and can be potentially disproven by evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repressed Memory refers to memories that are completely out of conscious awareness, while Recovered Memory suggests that an individual has forgotten or repressed a memory that later surfaces in consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repression is a Freudian defense mechanism where individuals reduce anxiety by distorting reality, specifically by forgetting or pushing down memories that are too painful or threatening to face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long-term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting and Retrieval Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting, also known as Transience or Decay, refers to the unavailability of a memory due to the gradual fading or weakening of the memory trace over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrieval Failure occurs when a memory is available but cannot be accessed due to the absence of appropriate retrieval cues. This differs from Forgetting, where the memory itself is lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'tip of the tongue' experience, where we know we have a memory but can't retrieve it, is a classic example of Retrieval Failure. It illustrates that memories can be accessible even if they are momentarily blocked, highlighting the importance of retrieval cues in accessing memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False Memories are memories for events that never happened but were suggested by someone or something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lab data suggests that memories are not merely passively stored recordings but are 'constructions' that can be influenced by factors such as leading questions, suggestions, imagining, and the recollections of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research consistently demonstrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to the fallibility of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinterpreted Memories involve reinterpreting past experiences with new information, leading to changes in how we perceive those events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Forget-It-All-Along' effect refers to a bias where individuals tend to overestimate the extent to which they had previously forgotten an experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical Significance indicates whether an observed difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance, but does not necessarily reflect practical importance, while Effect Size quantifies the magnitude of the difference and provides an estimate of its practical relevance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calculation, perceptual speed, memory measures, verbal fluency, face perception skill, reading and writing, school performance, math grades, science grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal analogies, visual-spatial reasoning, measures of mathematical aptitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achievement Measures assess what someone has learned, such as the ACT exam. Aptitude Measures, like the MCAT, GRE, or LSAT, predict future academic performance in specific fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research suggests that while there may be some slight differences in specific cognitive abilities. There is a greater difference observed in the areas of interests. Boys tend to indicate a higher interest in math and science compared to girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If Biology plays a significant role in sex differences, we would expect to see universal patterns in the data across various populations and stability over time. Additionally, there should be plausible biological mechanisms that explain these differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males tend to have a higher percentage of white matter and proportionately less grey matter, with greater lateralization, showing a higher percentage of grey matter in the left hemisphere. Females typically have a larger corpus callosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Nature via Nurture' complication recognizes that both biological factors (Nature) and environmental influences (Nurture) interact to shape brain differences. The London Cab Study, which showed that extensive training significantly enlarged sections of the hippocampus in London taxi drivers, is a relevant example.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological processes operate on different time scales. Focusing solely on early differences could overlook later developmental changes and their potential impact on sex differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CAH is a condition where females have excess prenatal exposure to androgens. This leads to behavioral and cognitive differences, such as higher masculine toy preferences, more competitive and less cooperative play behavior, and lowered verbal ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bayesian Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bayesian Reasoning is a way of thinking about how evidence updates our beliefs. It involves considering the base rate (prior probability) of an event, and how new evidence changes our understanding of the probability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expected Utility/Rational Choice Theory is a model for decision-making that assumes individuals will choose the option that maximizes their expected utility. This involves calculating the expected utility of each option by considering the value (utility) of each outcome and its probability of occurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folk usage of Bias refers to the common sense understanding of bias as something negative or unfair. Descriptive usage of Bias is simply a neutral description of a bias, without judging it as good or bad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivated Bias refers to a situation where our desires influence our reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myside Bias refers to the tendency to search for, process, or interpret evidence in a manner that favors the belief we desire to be true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belief Change refers to the process of modifying our beliefs in response to new evidence or experiences. Actively Open-Minded Thinking, a characteristic of individuals who are willing to critically evaluate their beliefs, is a key predictor of belief change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers