Francis Crick and James Watson Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

It protects the cell from pathogens.

It is involved in photosynthesis.

It determines hereditary patterns in living things. (correct)

It helps in the formation of proteins.

Oswald Avery was the first to discover the structure of DNA.

False

What significant structure did James Watson co-discover?

RNA molecule

Cell membrane composition

Protein synthesis process

Double helix structure of DNA (correct)

James Watson completed his PhD in zoology.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who are the scientists credited with discovering the double helix structure of DNA?

Crick and Watson Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of DNA's double helix structure led to advances in __________ and genetic engineering.

gene sequencing Signup and view all the answers

In which year did James Watson start leading the Human Genome Project?

1989 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions to DNA research:

Crick = Discovered the double helix structure Watson = Co-discovered the double helix structure Avery = Discovered DNA carries genetic information Franklin = Provided X-ray diffraction images of DNA Signup and view all the answers

James Watson was a key figure in the discovery of the double helix structure of _____.

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following milestones with their corresponding years:

Virus research at Indiana University = 1950 Co-discovery of DNA structure with Crick = 1953 Biology lecturer at Harvard = 1960 Human Genome Project leadership = 1989 Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery is Francis Crick known for?

Structure of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Francis Crick completed his PhD in the same year he discovered DNA's structure.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory did Francis Crick start his PhD at?

Cavendish Laboratory Signup and view all the answers

In 1966, Crick described the genetic code as 'the key to _______ biology.'

molecular Signup and view all the answers

Match the year with the corresponding milestone in Francis Crick's career:

1951 = Meets James Watson 1962 = Receives Nobel Prize 1976 = Moves to California 1953 = Discovers DNA structure Signup and view all the answers

What field did Crick study after moving to California?

Developmental neurobiology Signup and view all the answers

Crick was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.

True Signup and view all the answers

What prestigious society awarded Crick for his contributions in 1972 and 1975?

Royal Society Signup and view all the answers

What significant process did Sydney Brenner discover in 1961?

The process for encoding amino acids in proteins Signup and view all the answers

Sydney Brenner was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2002 for his work on brain development.

False Signup and view all the answers

What essential structure did Watson and Crick develop based on insights from other scientists?

The double helix structure of DNA Signup and view all the answers

The four bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and _____ .

cytosine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions to DNA research:

Sydney Brenner = Discovered encoding of amino acids Francis Crick = Co-discoverer of DNA structure Rosalind Franklin = Provided critical X-ray data James D. Watson = Co-discoverer of DNA structure Signup and view all the answers

How long did it take for Brenner and his team to develop their DNA model?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

The final DNA model was built in only 3 days.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did Francis Crick famously state upon discovering DNA's structure?

We have discovered the secret of life. Signup and view all the answers

What significant project did Maurice Wilkins work on during World War II?

Manhattan Project Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for her contributions to DNA research.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the amount of the grant Rosalind Franklin received for her study of the polio virus?

$13,000 Signup and view all the answers

Maurice Wilkins became director of King's College biophysics unit in __________.

1970 Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientist with their notable contribution:

Maurice Wilkins = X-ray studies of DNA Rosalind Franklin = Crystalline structure of viruses Aaron Klug = Support from Franklin's bequeathed funds Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine = 1962 Signup and view all the answers

What did Rosalind Franklin produce that was crucial for the discovery of DNA's structure?

Photograph 51 Signup and view all the answers

Erwin Chargaff discovered that the bases A and T do not have equal ratios.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who were the three scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for their work on DNA?

Crick, Watson, and Wilkins Signup and view all the answers

The DNA double helix is often compared to a twisted __________.

ladder Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists to their contributions or observations regarding DNA:

Francis Crick = Co-discoverer of DNA's double helix James Watson = Co-discoverer of DNA's double helix Rosalind Franklin = Produced Photograph 51 Erwin Chargaff = Discovered base pairing ratios Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson and Crick use to create their famous 3D DNA model?

Various materials including paper and metal plates Signup and view all the answers

What is the main area of research for James Watson?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

Franklin's role in the discovery of DNA was fully acknowledged during her lifetime.

False Signup and view all the answers

Francis Crick was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for his discovery related to DNA.

True Signup and view all the answers

What significant structure did James Watson receive recognition for discovering?

double helix structure of DNA Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Crick and Watson complete their model of DNA?

1953 Signup and view all the answers

In 1966, Crick described the genetic code as 'the key to _______ biology.'

molecular Signup and view all the answers

Match the following notable figures in DNA research with their contributions:

James Watson = Co-discovered the structure of DNA Francis Crick = Described the genetic code Maurice Wilkins = Provided X-ray diffraction images of DNA Oswald Avery = Demonstrated the role of DNA in heredity Signup and view all the answers

What did Franklin propose about the structure of DNA based on Photograph 51?

The backbone lay on the outside. Signup and view all the answers

Maurice Wilkins showed Photograph 51 to Crick and Watson without informing Franklin.

True Signup and view all the answers

What groundbreaking model did Franklin propose after moving to Birkbeck College?

The molecular structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. Signup and view all the answers

Franklin produced Photograph 51, which was the first clear image of the __________ structure of DNA.

crystalline Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions to DNA research:

Rosalind Franklin = Produced Photograph 51 Maurice Wilkins = Showed Photograph 51 to Crick and Watson James Watson = Completed the model of DNA Francis Crick = Confirmed the double helix structure based on Franklin's work Signup and view all the answers

What degree did Rosalind Franklin earn from the University of Cambridge?

Physical Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin was recognized and awarded a Nobel Prize during her lifetime for her work on DNA.

False Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Rosalind Franklin produce the first clear image of crystalline DNA?

1952 Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin moved to Paris in 1947 to study ________.

X-ray crystallography Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with the corresponding events in Rosalind Franklin's life:

1920 = Born in London 1941 = Graduated from Cambridge 1945 = Received doctorate from Cambridge 1953 = Moved to Birkbeck College Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes Rosalind Franklin's role in the DNA race?

She photographed DNA strands which assisted others in determining DNA's structure. Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin conducted major research on crop viruses after moving to Birkbeck College.

True Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin was born in ________.

London Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry?

Frederick Sanger Signup and view all the answers

John Sulston was a pioneer in sequencing the first human genome.

False Signup and view all the answers

What significant method did Sanger develop for sequencing DNA?

Dideoxy chain-termination method Signup and view all the answers

In 1981, Sanger's team completed the sequencing of the first human __________.

mitochondrial genome Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions:

Frederick Sanger = Sequenced RNA from E. coli John Sulston = First animal genome sequencing Watson and Crick = Discovered DNA's double-helix structure Sanger's method = Map human genome Signup and view all the answers

What material did Sanger use to label DNA fragments for sequencing?

Radioactive isotopes Signup and view all the answers

The sequencing approach developed by Sanger enabled the isolation and cloning of DNA fragments.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the nematode worm that Sulston studied?

Caenorhabditis elegans Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Francis Crick

Crick was a British biophysicist who won the Nobel Prize for his co-discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953.
He studied physics at University College London and worked for the Royal Navy during World War II.
He later returned to Cambridge to pursue a PhD in biological sciences.
He collaborated with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.
They unveiled DNA’s molecular structure together.
He played a vital role in deciphering the structure of DNA.
Crick focused on the genetic code and its role in molecular biology.
He described the genetic code as "the key to molecular biology" in 1966.
He moved to California in 1976 to study developmental neurobiology and human consciousness.

James Watson

American geneticist and biophysicist who shared the Nobel Prize for his co-discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
He studied zoology at the University of Chicago.
Watson completed his PhD in virus research.
He moved to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, where he met and collaborated with Francis Crick.
He returned to the Cavendish Laboratory to work with Crick on virus construction.
He lectured at Harvard and became a biology professor.
He wrote key biological texts.
He led the international Human Genome Project in 1989, to map all the genes of a human chromosome.

DNA: A Remarkable Discovery

The discovery of DNA's double helix structure revolutionized scientific understanding of heredity.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the chemical substance within cells that determines hereditary patterns in all living things.
Understanding DNA's structure led to understanding how it replicates and transmits genetic information.
This provided crucial insight into how genes operate.

The Race to Discover DNA's Structure

The discovery of DNA's double helix was the culmination of years of research by many scientists.
Oswald Avery's research in 1944 showed that DNA carries genetic information but didn't fully delineate the precise structure.
The race to uncover DNA's structure led to significant advancements in scientific methods, including gene sequencing and genetic engineering.

Sydney Brenner and the Discovery of DNA

Sydney Brenner is a South African biologist who made crucial contributions to uncovering DNA's structure.
Brenner completed his PhD at Oxford University.
He conducted leading research in developmental genetics and molecular biology.
Brenner’s work on organ development and cell apoptosis earned him a Nobel Prize in 2002.
His 18 months of research led to a groundbreaking single-page paper on the DNA model.
He completed a model of DNA in 3 days.

Unraveling the Secret of DNA

Scientists struggled to determine DNA structure and replication until the 1950s.
Linus Pauling, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins at King's College London played important roles, but did not fully understand DNA's structure.
They understood that DNA had a backbone of phosphoric acid and sugar and four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
It wasn't until the efforts of Francis Crick and James Watson that the structure of DNA was finally understood.

DNA Structure

Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray photograph (Photograph 51) showed DNA's double helix structure.
Franklin worked alongside Maurice Wilkins, and Wilkins showed Photograph 51 to Crick and Watson without Franklin’s knowledge.
This image helped Crick and Watson confirm the double helix structure and complete their model.
The DNA double helix resembles a twisted ladder, with the phosphoric acid and sugar strands forming the uprights of the ladder.
Paired bases (A, T, C, and G) create the rungs of the ladder.
The order of these bonded bases forms the genetic code.
When the ladder splits, each half bonds with newly formed DNA components to create two new, identical double helix structures

Rosalind Franklin

British chemist whose X-ray diffraction images were crucial to determining the double helix structure of DNA.
Franklin studied the structure of coal and graphite.
Franklin specialized in X-ray crystallography and used it to study the structure of DNA.
Franklin’s image helped Watson and Crick confirm the double helix structure of DNA, but her contributions were not fully recognized during her life.

Maurice Wilkins

British biophysicist who shared the Nobel prize for his X-ray diffraction studies of DNA.
He used X-ray imaging to study DNA fibers.
He was part of the King's College, London research team working on DNA structure.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry and DNA Sequencing

Frederick Sanger was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.
Sanger received the first in 1958 for his work on insulin.
He developed a method for DNA sequencing using radioactive isotopes to "label" fragments.
He tracked overlaps between fragments to build up the complete sequence.
His team developed a method for isolating DNA fragments quickly by using a molecule inhibitor to prevent DNA strands from extending and ordering the strands from shortest to longest to identify the base order.
He helped sequence the first human genome in 1981.

John Sulston and the Worm

The first director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute.
Won the 2002 Nobel Prize for his work with the nematode worm (C.elegans).
His research contributed to the understanding of cell division, differentiation, and death.
He helped sequence the first animal genome.

Key Dates

1953: Crick and Watson's DNA double-helix discovery.
1958: Sanger's first Nobel Prize for work on insulin.
1950s: Franklin studied the crystalline structure of viruses including polio.
1967: Sanger's RNA sequencing.
1977: Sanger's dideoxy chain-termination method for sequencing DNA, still used today
1981: First human mitochondrial genome sequenced.
1988: First animal genome sequenced (C.Elegans).
1990-2003: The Human Genome Project.

Additional information

51 took 60 hours to produce.
Franklin received a $13,000 grant for her polio virus study.
She bequeathed $4,000 to support Aaron Klug in his work.

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Test your knowledge on the groundbreaking work of Francis Crick and James Watson in uncovering the structure of DNA. This quiz covers their educational background, major discoveries, and contributions to molecular biology. Discover fascinating facts about these two Nobel laureates!