Fractures in Medical Terminology

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Questions and Answers

What causes the right lung to be positioned higher than the left lung?

The absence of the liver

The size of the heart

The presence of the liver (correct)

The position of the diaphragm

Which type of pneumonia is caused by viral infections, primarily the influenza virus A and B?

Chronic bronchitis

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia

Viral/Interstitial pneumonia (correct)

What characterizes bronchiectasis?

Fluid accumulation in the lungs

Collapse of the alveoli

Permanent dilation of large bronchi (correct)

Infection of the lung tissue

Which imaging technique is best suited for visualizing pulmonary tuberculosis?

Apicolordotic view Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of chronic bronchitis?

Cigarette smoke Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema?

Distended alveoli due to elastic loss Signup and view all the answers

What position is recommended to demonstrate any fluid in the pleural cavity?

Left lateral decubitus Signup and view all the answers

What is silicosis caused by?

Inhaling silica dust Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a lung abscess from other lung conditions?

Localized area of necrotic lung tissue Signup and view all the answers

What condition refers to a group of disorders causing chronic airway obstruction?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of anthracosis?

Inhalation of coal dust Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for raising blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with the moon face appearance?

Cushing syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a deficiency in growth hormone in children?

Dwarfism Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for secreting glucagon?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hyperthyroidism?

Exophthalmos Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is useful for diagnosing adrenal masses?

Contrast-enhanced CT and MRI Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by enlargement of extremities?

Acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is associated with an autoimmune response leading to hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is primarily used for thyroid disorders?

Nuclear medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of calcitonin?

Reduces blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?

Type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is characterized by a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with a dislocation of the radial head?

Monteggia fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of a Colle's fracture?

Falling backwards onto a hard surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fractures is known as a reverse Colle's fracture?

Smith's fracture Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging is specifically suggested for detecting a pulmonary embolus?

CT Scan Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia affects only a segment of the lung?

Segmental pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which fracture type involves the CMC joint?

Bennet's fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a genetic condition resulting in thick and sticky mucus in the lungs?

Cystic fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What describes a blow-out fracture?

Fracture of the orbital floor and maxillary bone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Jones fracture?

Fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging method is used to evaluate soft tissue and bone without involving contrast?

Radiography Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is characterized by the bone piercing through the skin?

Open/Compound fracture Signup and view all the answers

What does a depressed fracture resemble?

Ping pong ball Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants?

Lack of surfactant in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is known for causing free-floating zygoma?

Tripod fracture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fractures

Fractures are discontinuities in bones, often caused by trauma. Pain and swelling are common symptoms due to damaged blood vessels.
Two common projections in X-rays for fracture analysis are anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral views (usually 90 degrees to each other).
Colle's fracture: A fracture of the distal radius, often occurs when falling backward and using the hand to brace.
Smith's fracture: A reverse Colle's fracture, involving a forward displacement of the distal radius.
Boxer's fracture: A fracture at the end of the 4th or 5th metacarpal bones, often from punching.
Bennet's fracture: Occurs at the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.

Other Fracture Types (Page 2)

Open/Compound fracture – The bone pierces the skin.
Monteggia fracture – involves a fracture of the proximal ulna and dislocation of the radial head.
Depressed fracture – a fracture that pushes inward.
Ping pong fracture – a soft ping pong ball like fracture.
Tripod fracture – a free-floating zygoma that can also involve the orbital floor and maxillary.
Avulsion fracture – a piece of bone is pulled off, commonly seen in adolescents, often at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
Blow-out fracture – orbital floor and maxillary bone are affected following blunt trauma to the eye.

Additional Fractures (Page 3)

Jones' fracture – Occurs on the shaft of the 5th metatarsal. May require surgical insertion of a screw or bone graft.
Odontoid fracture – Atypical fracture of the C1 and C2 vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint).
Jefferson's fracture – Fracture of the C1 (atlas) vertebra and lateral mass.
Clay Shoveler's fracture – C6-T1 (C6-C7) and C7 vertebral prominence.
Hangman's fracture – fracture to C2 and C3, specifically the dens.

Respiratory System Imaging (Page 4)

Radiography: Evaluates soft tissues, bones, pleura, and mediastinum.
CT Scan: Used for pulmonary emboli, enlarged lymph nodes, etc.
PET Scan: Uses fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to image metabolic activity, often used for lung cancer screening.
Chest Radiography: Examines trachea, scapulae, ribs, and costophrenic angles. Appropriate breathing instructions are critical for proper visualization.

Respiratory Diseases (Page 5)

Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing thick mucus in the lungs.
Hyaline membrane disease: A respiratory distress syndrome affecting premature babies.
Pneumonia: A common lung infection. Ranks 8th for deaths in the US with heart disease being 1st. Lung lobe descriptions (right lung superior/medial/inferior, left lung superior/inferior) are discussed.
Pneumatocele: A thin-walled cyst that may form in the lung.
Pneumoncoccal/Lobar pneumonia: The infection involves the alveoli of a lung lobe. Usually bacterial.
Staphylococcal pneumonia: May create abscesses.
Legionnaire's pneumonia: A severe bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila.

Pulmonary Diseases (Page 6)

Mycoplasma pneumonia: Reticular pattern and patchy areas of consolidation in the lung.
Bronchiectasis: A permanent dilation of the bronchi. Can be cylindrical, saccular, or varicose.
Aspiration pneumonia: Inhalation of foreign material.
Viral/Interstitial pneumonia: Infection caused by viruses, often influenza.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of diseases causing chronic airway obstruction (chronic bronchitis, emphysema).
Emphysema: A destructive lung disease where alveoli become distended and loss of elasticity occurs.

Additional Lung Diseases (Page 7)

Pneumoconioses: Lung diseases resulting from inhaling dust, including silicosis (silica), anthracosis (coal dust), and asbestosis (asbestos).
Lung abscess: A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris.
Hemothorax: Blood in the pleural space.
Pleural effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space. Blunting of the costophrenic angle is a sign.
Neoplastic disease: Cancerous growth, including pulmonary metastases.

Endocrine System (Page 8)

Parathyroid: Regulates calcium levels.
Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose.
Adrenal glands: Epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate metabolism and blood glucose.
Ovaries/Testes: Produce sex hormones.
Pituitary gland: Anterior: Prolactin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Posterior: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Pineal gland: Secretes melatonin.
Thyroid gland: Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin for metabolism.
Imaging Considerations: Radiography, and specialized scans such as DEXA scans.
Cushing Syndrome: Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex causing hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids.

Endocrine System - Disorders (Pages 9 & 10)

Gigantism/Dwarfism: Over/under secretion of growth hormone (GH).
Cushing syndrome: Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the anterior pituitary.
Addison's disease: Adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone.
Acromegaly: Disturbance in pituitary gland function, leading to exaggerated enlargement/excessive growth of extremities.
MRI Imaging: Helpful in demonstrating pathology of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
CT scan: Use of an X-ray exam to identify anatomical structures and abnormalities in specific glands.
Nuclear medicine scans: Helpful in identifying thyroid disorders (can include Iodine 123, I131, etc.)

Additional Endocrine Diseases (Page 10)

Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism: Disorders related to thyroid hormone imbalances. Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease) involves overproduction, while hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease) involves insufficient production.
Diabetes insipidus: Insufficient production of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
Diabetes mellitus: Chronic hyperglycemia, often associated with defect in beta cells that create insulin (Type 1), or insulin resistance (Type 2).
Adrenal carcinoma: Cancer of the adrenal gland. CT and MRI are helpful in diagnosis.

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Description

This quiz covers various types of fractures, their symptoms, and associated X-ray projections. Learn about specific fractures like Colle's, Smith's, and Boxer's. Test your knowledge on the definitions and classifications of these injuries.