Fractures in Medical Terminology

Fractures

• Fractures are discontinuities in bones, often caused by trauma. Pain and swelling are common symptoms due to damaged blood vessels.
• Two common projections in X-rays for fracture analysis are anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral views (usually 90 degrees to each other).
• Colle's fracture: A fracture of the distal radius, often occurs when falling backward and using the hand to brace.
• Smith's fracture: A reverse Colle's fracture, involving a forward displacement of the distal radius.
• Boxer's fracture: A fracture at the end of the 4th or 5th metacarpal bones, often from punching.
• Bennet's fracture: Occurs at the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.

Other Fracture Types (Page 2)

• Open/Compound fracture – The bone pierces the skin.
• Monteggia fracture – involves a fracture of the proximal ulna and dislocation of the radial head.
• Depressed fracture – a fracture that pushes inward.
• Ping pong fracture – a soft ping pong ball like fracture.
• Tripod fracture – a free-floating zygoma that can also involve the orbital floor and maxillary.
• Avulsion fracture – a piece of bone is pulled off, commonly seen in adolescents, often at the base of the 5th metatarsal.
• Blow-out fracture – orbital floor and maxillary bone are affected following blunt trauma to the eye.

Additional Fractures (Page 3)

• Jones' fracture – Occurs on the shaft of the 5th metatarsal. May require surgical insertion of a screw or bone graft.
• Odontoid fracture – Atypical fracture of the C1 and C2 vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint).
• Jefferson's fracture – Fracture of the C1 (atlas) vertebra and lateral mass.
• Clay Shoveler's fracture – C6-T1 (C6-C7) and C7 vertebral prominence.
• Hangman's fracture – fracture to C2 and C3, specifically the dens.

Respiratory System Imaging (Page 4)

• Radiography: Evaluates soft tissues, bones, pleura, and mediastinum.
• CT Scan: Used for pulmonary emboli, enlarged lymph nodes, etc.
• PET Scan: Uses fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to image metabolic activity, often used for lung cancer screening.
• Chest Radiography: Examines trachea, scapulae, ribs, and costophrenic angles. Appropriate breathing instructions are critical for proper visualization.

Respiratory Diseases (Page 5)

• Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing thick mucus in the lungs.
• Hyaline membrane disease: A respiratory distress syndrome affecting premature babies.
• Pneumonia: A common lung infection. Ranks 8th for deaths in the US with heart disease being 1st. Lung lobe descriptions (right lung superior/medial/inferior, left lung superior/inferior) are discussed.
• Pneumatocele: A thin-walled cyst that may form in the lung.
• Pneumoncoccal/Lobar pneumonia: The infection involves the alveoli of a lung lobe. Usually bacterial.
• Staphylococcal pneumonia: May create abscesses.
• Legionnaire's pneumonia: A severe bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila.

Pulmonary Diseases (Page 6)

• Mycoplasma pneumonia: Reticular pattern and patchy areas of consolidation in the lung.
• Bronchiectasis: A permanent dilation of the bronchi. Can be cylindrical, saccular, or varicose.
• Aspiration pneumonia: Inhalation of foreign material.
• Viral/Interstitial pneumonia: Infection caused by viruses, often influenza.
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of diseases causing chronic airway obstruction (chronic bronchitis, emphysema).
• Emphysema: A destructive lung disease where alveoli become distended and loss of elasticity occurs.

Additional Lung Diseases (Page 7)

• Pneumoconioses: Lung diseases resulting from inhaling dust, including silicosis (silica), anthracosis (coal dust), and asbestosis (asbestos).
• Lung abscess: A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris.
• Hemothorax: Blood in the pleural space.
• Pleural effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space. Blunting of the costophrenic angle is a sign.
• Neoplastic disease: Cancerous growth, including pulmonary metastases.

Endocrine System (Page 8)

• Parathyroid: Regulates calcium levels.
• Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose.
• Adrenal glands: Epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate metabolism and blood glucose.
• Ovaries/Testes: Produce sex hormones.
• Pituitary gland: Anterior: Prolactin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Posterior: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
• Pineal gland: Secretes melatonin.
• Thyroid gland: Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin for metabolism.
• Imaging Considerations: Radiography, and specialized scans such as DEXA scans.
• Cushing Syndrome: Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex causing hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids.

Endocrine System - Disorders (Pages 9 & 10)

• Gigantism/Dwarfism: Over/under secretion of growth hormone (GH).
• Cushing syndrome: Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the anterior pituitary.
• Addison's disease: Adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone.
• Acromegaly: Disturbance in pituitary gland function, leading to exaggerated enlargement/excessive growth of extremities.
• MRI Imaging: Helpful in demonstrating pathology of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
• CT scan: Use of an X-ray exam to identify anatomical structures and abnormalities in specific glands.
• Nuclear medicine scans: Helpful in identifying thyroid disorders (can include Iodine 123, I131, etc.)

Additional Endocrine Diseases (Page 10)

• Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism: Disorders related to thyroid hormone imbalances. Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease) involves overproduction, while hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease) involves insufficient production.
• Diabetes insipidus: Insufficient production of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
• Diabetes mellitus: Chronic hyperglycemia, often associated with defect in beta cells that create insulin (Type 1), or insulin resistance (Type 2).
• Adrenal carcinoma: Cancer of the adrenal gland. CT and MRI are helpful in diagnosis.

This quiz covers various types of fractures, their symptoms, and associated X-ray projections. Learn about specific fractures like Colle's, Smith's, and Boxer's. Test your knowledge on the definitions and classifications of these injuries.