RADPATHO (MIDTERM) PDF

RADPATHO (MIDTERM) Colle’s fracture Fractures - Often caused when an individual falls backwards onto a hard surface and braces - Discontinuity of bones...

RADPATHO (MIDTERM) Colle’s fracture Fractures - Often caused when an individual falls backwards onto a hard surface and braces - Discontinuity of bones themselves with an open hand - There is swelling and pain because of - Fracture with the distal radius damaged blood vessels 2 Projections (trauma) - In cases of trauma – 2 projections - Right angle - Or 90 degrees to each other - AP and Lateral Smith’s fracture - A smith’s fracture, or reverse Colle’s Boxer’s fracture fracture, is a volar, or forward, displacement fracture of the distal radius - Occurs at the end of the 4th or 5th metacarpal of the hand Bennet’s fracture - Occurs at CMC joint Open/Compound fracture - Occurs when the bone actually manages to pierce through the skin Monteggia fracture - It involves a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with a dislocation of the radial head Blow-out fracture - Involves orbital floor and maxillary bone - Following blunt trauma to the eye, contents of the orbit compress and push down - Water’s method Depressed fracture - Ping pong Avulsion fracture Tripod fracture - Most common in athlete adolescents - Free-floating zygoma - This type of fx, occurs when the tear causes o Orbital floor a piece of bone to be pulled off o Zygoma - Common site: base of 5th metatarsal o Maxillary Jone’s fracture Odontoid fracture - Occurs on the shaft of the 5th metatarsal - May require the surgical insertion of a screw - Dens or bone graft - Atypical (C1,C2,C7) - C1 and C2 (Atlantoaxial joint) Jefferson’s fracture Clay Shoveler’s - C1 (Atlas) and lateral mass - C6-T1 (C6-C7) - C2 (Axis) - C7 (vertebral prominence) Hangman’s fracture - C2 and C3 - Dens Respiratory System PET Scan (Fluorodeoxyglucose) Imaging considerations Radiography - Soft tissue - Bone - Pleura - Mediastinum Chest Radiography Good criteria: - Trachea is visible in midline - Scapula is outside the lung fields - 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm - Costophrenic angle is sharp (if blunt – pleural effusion) CT Scan - Pulmonary embolus (blockage) - Pulmonary adenopathy (enlarge lymph nodes) Breathing instruction - 2nd full inspiration Nuclear Medicine - Perfusion – medicine administration (radionuclide) - Ventilation scan – gas inhalation (xenon) Congenital and Hereditary - Entire lobe of lung – lobar pneumonia - Segment of a lung – segmental Cystic fibrosis pneumonia - Is genetic condition that affects a protein - Bronchi and alveoli – bronchopneumonia (cystic fibrosis transmembrane - Interstitial lung tissue – interstitial regulator) in the body and causes thick and pneumonia sticky mucus in the lungs Pneumococcal/Lobar pneumonia - Most common bacterial pneumonia - Generally, affects alveoli of an entire lobe without affecting bronchi Hyaline membrane disease (acute respiratory distress syndrome) Staphylococcal pneumonia - Premature baby - Under aeration - Pneumatocele - Lack of surfactant - (thin-walled air contains cyst), may form o Produce by type 2 alveolar cells abscesses, patchy areas in and around - Ground glass appearance bronchi Legionnaire’s pneumonia - Severe bacterial pneumonia caused by Inflammatory diseases Legionella pneumophila which thrives in Pneumonia warm moist place - Most frequent type of lung infection - Ranks 8th among the leading cause of death in US - What is the rank 1? – Heart disease - Right lung is higher than left because of the presence of liver - Right lung lobe (superior, medial, inferior) - Left lung lobe (superior and inferior)  Bronchiectasis Mycoplasma pneumonia - Is a permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction - Fine reticular pattern in a segmental of the elastic and muscular components of distribution, patchy areas of air space the bronchial wall consolidation, may mimic TB Aspiration pneumonia Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) - Aspiration of acid vomitus following - Caused by Mycobacterium Tubeculi anesthesia, alcohol intoxication, stroke (aerobic) reflux - Best projection – apicolordotic view - Lindblom and Fleischner method Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Refers to a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction Chronic Bronchitis - Cigarette smoke and industrial air pollutants irritate the mucous lining of the bronchial tree and increase the Viral/Interstitial pneumonia susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections - Caused by viruses – most commonly influenza virus A and B Emphysema (destructive) - Is a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from the loss of elasticity - Barrel chest appearance  - Flattening of hemidiaphragm Position that demonstrate any fluid: Left Lateral Decubitus Hemothorax - A pleural effusion containing blood Pneumoconioses Silicosis Lung abscess - Silicosis, the oldest known - A lung abscess is a localized area of dead pneumonoconiosis, results from inhaling (necrotic) lung tissue surrounded by silica (quartz) dust inflammatory debris. Anthracosis (black lung disease) - Results from inhlation of coal dust Asbestosis - Results from inhalation of asbestos dust, which causes chronic injury to the lungs. Asbestos dust is found in building materials and insulation Pleural effusion Neoplastic disease - Blunting of costophrenic angle Pulmonary metastases - Cotton ball appearance Endocrine System Parathyroid - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – raises blood calcium level Pancreas - Insulin – reduces blood glucose level - Glucagon – raises blood glucose level Adrenal gland - Epinephrine – stimulates metabolism - Norepinephrine – raises blood glucose level Ovaries Pituitary gland - Estrogen Posterior Pituitary (OA) - Progesterone - Oxytocin – responsible for uterine Testicle contraction - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – responsible - Androgen for retention of water by the kidney - Testosterone Anterior Pituitary (PGFLAT) Imaging Consideration - Prolactin – responsible for milk production - Growth hormone – growth and metabolism Radiography - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – - Cushing syndrome responsible for production of ova and sperm cell - Luteinizing hormone – responsible for ovaries and testes - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ADCH) – stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) – responsible for stimulating thyroid gland Pineal gland - Melatonin – responsible for sleep and wake cycle Bone mineral densitometry/Dual-energy x-ray absorption (DXA or DEXA) Thyroid gland - T3 – tri-iodinated - T4 – thyroxin o T3 and T4 responsible for metabolism - Calcitonin – responsible for reduction of blood calcium level MRI - Demo pathology of the hypothalamus and pituitary adenomas Gigantism and Dwarfism Gigantism - Over secretion of growth hormone Dwarfism CT scan - Deficiency of growth hormone - Pineal gland Cushing syndrome - Thyroid and parathyroid - Results from a dysfunction within the adrenal cortex leading to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the anterior pituitary - Moon face - Fat deposits on neck Nuclear medicine - In the case of thyroid disorder – Iodine 123 - Iodine 131 Ultrasound Addison’s disease - Demonstrated thyroid muscle - A rare condition in which your adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol and Pathology aldosterone Acromegaly - Enlargement of extremities - Caused by a disturbance in the function of the pituitary gland - Causes enlarged bones, especially in the face, hands and feet Adrenal carcinoma Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism - Contrast-enhanced CT and MRI studies are helpful in the diagnosis of adrenal masses - Leading to surgery Hyperthyroidism (Graves diseases) - Over secretion of thyroid hormone - Exophthalmos – bulging eye Hypothyroidism Diabetes insipidus - Deficiency of thyroid hormone - Hashimoto disease (Hashimoto’s - Results when the posterior pituitary gland thyroiditis) – autoimmune thyroiditis secretes and insufficient level of antidiuretic - Iodine deficiency hormone (ADH) Thyroid cancers - Diagnosis is made using a nuclear medicine 123I thyroid uptake examination - Papillary thyroid – most common Diabetes mellitus - Pancreas - A syndrome that is associated with chronic hyperglycemia - Most common type: - Type 1 – caused by defect in primary beta cells o Beta cell – secretes insulin o Alpha cell – secretes glucagon - Type 2 – results in insulin resistance