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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation of crude petroleum?
What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation of crude petroleum?
What is the term for the process of breaking high molecular weight hydrocarbons into low molecular weight compounds?
What is the term for the process of breaking high molecular weight hydrocarbons into low molecular weight compounds?
What is the primary cause of knocking in an internal combustion engine?
What is the primary cause of knocking in an internal combustion engine?
What is the purpose of adding Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) to gasoline?
What is the purpose of adding Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) to gasoline?
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What is the inverse function of a fuel's ignition delay?
What is the inverse function of a fuel's ignition delay?
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What is the primary property of diesel fuel that affects engine performance and emission?
What is the primary property of diesel fuel that affects engine performance and emission?
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What is the purpose of the cetane number in diesel fuel?
What is the purpose of the cetane number in diesel fuel?
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What is the effect of increasing the cetane number of diesel fuel?
What is the effect of increasing the cetane number of diesel fuel?
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During what process is LPG obtained as a byproduct?
During what process is LPG obtained as a byproduct?
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What is the main component of CNG?
What is the main component of CNG?
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What is the caloric value of LPG?
What is the caloric value of LPG?
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What is a beneficial property of LPG in regards to鋼alloys?
What is a beneficial property of LPG in regards to鋼alloys?
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What is the main use of LPG in domestic and industrial applications?
What is the main use of LPG in domestic and industrial applications?
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What is CNG mainly composed of?
What is CNG mainly composed of?
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What is a benefit of using CNG over petrol and diesel?
What is a benefit of using CNG over petrol and diesel?
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What is a property of CNG that makes it efficient in engines?
What is a property of CNG that makes it efficient in engines?
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What is the purpose of the oxygen cylinder in the combustion reaction?
What is the purpose of the oxygen cylinder in the combustion reaction?
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What is the process of separating crude oil into different fractions based on their boiling points?
What is the process of separating crude oil into different fractions based on their boiling points?
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What is the term for the uncondensed residue left in the iron retort after fractional distillation?
What is the term for the uncondensed residue left in the iron retort after fractional distillation?
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What is the purpose of the horizontal trays in the fractionating tower?
What is the purpose of the horizontal trays in the fractionating tower?
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What is the term for the temperature at which a fuel ignites?
What is the term for the temperature at which a fuel ignites?
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What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
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What is the term for the detonation of a fuel inside an engine, resulting in a knocking sound?
What is the term for the detonation of a fuel inside an engine, resulting in a knocking sound?
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What is the term for the measure of a fuel's resistance to knocking?
What is the term for the measure of a fuel's resistance to knocking?
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Study Notes
Fractions Obtained in Fractional Distillation
- Crude petroleum undergoes fractional distillation to produce various fractions
Cracking
- Process of breaking high molecular weight hydrocarbons into low molecular weight compounds like gasoline, diesel, olefins, etc.
- Thermal cracking: carried out in the presence of heat
- Catalytic cracking: carried out in the presence of a catalyst
Knocking
- Premature combustion of part of the compressed air-fuel mixture in the IC engine cylinder
- Causes a sharp sound and sudden pressure rise
- Prevented by adding anti-knocking agents like Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) in gasoline
Octane Number
- Measure of a fuel's ability to resist knocking when ignited with air in an IC engine
- Higher octane number indicates lower knocking property
- Can be increased by adding TEL, but increases air pollution by emitting lead particles
Cetane Number
- Measure of a diesel fuel's ignition properties
- Percentage of hexadecane present in a mixture of hexadecane and 2-methyl naphthalene
- Higher cetane number indicates lower ignition temperature and better fuel performance
Gaseous Fuels: LPG, CNG, Biogas
- LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): byproduct of crude oil distillation or heavy oil cracking
- Composition: Ethane (0.20%), Propane (57.30%), Butane (41.10%), Pentane (1.40%)
- Properties: highly flammable, colorless, odorless, high calorific value, non-corrosive
Uses of LPG
- Domestic fuel (liquid butane) and industrial fuel (liquid propane)
- Motor fuel, as it mixes with air and burns cleanly
- Used in aerosol industries
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
- Made by compressing natural gas to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure
- Composition: CH4 (methane) = 88.5%, C2H6 (ethane) = 5.5%, C3H8 (propane) = 3.7%, etc.
- Properties: cheaper than petrol or diesel, ignition temperature = 540°C, odourless, non-toxic, non-corrosive, lightweight, high calorific value
Calorimeter
- Measures heat produced by fuel combustion
- Consists of a bomb, copper calorimeter, thermometer, and stirrer
- Initial temperature of water in the calorimeter is measured by a thermometer
- Oxygen is admitted into the bomb, and the fuel is ignited by an electric circuit
- Heat produced by combustion raises the temperature of the calorimeter water, which is recorded by the thermometer
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Description
This quiz covers the fractions obtained in the fractional distillation of crude petroleum, including cracking and its types. Learn about the process of breaking high molecular weight hydrocarbons into low molecular weight compounds.
