Foundations of Information Processing: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically start creating two-word phrases?

6-8 months

12-16 months

16-20 months

8-12 months (correct)

What type of speech is characterized by leaving out words that are not critical to the message?

Imperative speech

Telegraphic speech (correct)

Echoic speech

Exclamatory speech

Which language group of infants is more likely to use verbs than nouns initially?

Chinese Mandarin-speaking infants (correct)

There is no specific trend observed

North American English-speaking infants

Both use them equally

Which process involves the initial recording of information in a usable form to memory?

Encoding Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical word order seen in the two-word phrases created by children?

Similar to adult speech but with missing words Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, at what age do children show a decline in telegraphic speech?

26 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used?

Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory aids children in processing information in their initial encounters with the world?

Automatization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in two-word phrases between North American English-speaking and Chinese Mandarin-speaking infants?

Nouns vs. verbs usage Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention?

Automatization Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, how is memory defined?

The process of recording, storing, and retrieving information Signup and view all the answers

What did kicking research demonstrate about memory capacities in infants?

Memory capacities increase with age Signup and view all the answers

What type of responses do female children hear more of compared to male children?

Diversionary responses and warm phrases Signup and view all the answers

In what type of speech are diminutives consistently used more often?

Speech directed at females Signup and view all the answers

What has been shown to facilitate language learning in cultures with a lot of infant-directed speech?

Infant-directed speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural significance of using more diminutives in speech directed at females?

It is a reflection of gender norms Signup and view all the answers

In which cultures do babies meet language milestones within typical age ranges despite exposure to more overheard speech?

Cultures with more overheard speech Signup and view all the answers

Are babies capable of learning language from overheard speech?

Yes, research concludes they are capable Signup and view all the answers

At what age can an infant walk when holding onto someone’s hand or furniture according to the Bayley Scales?

17–19 months Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone indicates the ability to turn pages in a book according to the Bayley Scales?

Constructs tower of two cubes Signup and view all the answers

What can an infant do at 38–42 months according to the Bayley Scales?

Strings three beads Signup and view all the answers

What does the Bayley Scales suggest about an infant's abilities when they mimic a crayon stroke and label objects in a photo?

They can pair up pictures and repeat a two-word sentence Signup and view all the answers

At what age can an infant reproduce a drawing of a circle according to the Bayley Scales?

38–42 months Signup and view all the answers

What task is associated with an infant's ability to distinguish males from females according to the Bayley Scales?

Identifying four colors Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest habituation tests are used to measure in infants?

How quickly they process information Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language Development in Infants

Children typically start creating two-word phrases around 18-24 months.
Telegraphic speech is characterized by leaving out words that are not critical to the message.
Mandarin-speaking infants are more likely to use verbs than nouns initially.

Memory and Processing

Encoding involves the initial recording of information in a usable form to memory.
Retrieval is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.
Attention is the concept that refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention.
Memory is defined as the ability to store, retain, and retrieve information.

Language and Culture

North American English-speaking infants tend to use more nouns in their two-word phrases, while Chinese Mandarin-speaking infants use more verbs.
Female children hear more diminutives (e.g., "doggy" instead of "dog") in speech directed at them compared to male children.
Cultures with a lot of infant-directed speech facilitate language learning.

Infant Development Milestones

According to the Bayley Scales, infants can walk while holding onto someone's hand or furniture by 12 months.
By 18 months, infants can turn pages in a book.
At 38-42 months, infants can mimic a crayon stroke and label objects in a photo.
By 48 months, infants can reproduce a drawing of a circle.
Habituation tests are used to measure an infant's ability to distinguish between males and females.

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Description

Explore the concepts of encoding, storage, and retrieval in information processing. Learn how information is initially recorded, placed into memory, and located for use. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.