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Questions and Answers

What percentage of critical data in Fortune 1000 company databases are typically inaccurate or incomplete?

  • 45 percent
  • 15 percent
  • 35 percent
  • 25 percent (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a reason for data quality issues?

  • Inconsistent data
  • Faulty input
  • Redundant data
  • High input speed (correct)
  • What is the purpose of data cleansing software?

  • To create new databases
  • To detect and correct data issues (correct)
  • To store large quantities of data
  • To increase data redundancy
  • What is a data quality audit primarily used for?

    <p>To gauge the perceptions of end users on data quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before implementing a new database, firms must perform which of the following tasks?

    <p>Identify and correct faulty data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of web mining?

    <p>To discover and analyze useful patterns from the web (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of web mining specifically analyzes the links to and from web pages?

    <p>Web structure mining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common advantage of providing database access through the web?

    <p>Provides ease of use via browser software (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does data administration focus on?

    <p>Establishing policies for managing data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT typically covered by data governance?

    <p>User experience design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does web usage mining analyze?

    <p>User interaction data recorded by web servers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical configuration for web-accessed databases?

    <p>Web server, database server, and application server (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of web mining?

    <p>Web behavior mining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a data warehouse?

    <p>To store current and historical data for analysis and reporting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about data marts is correct?

    <p>They focus on a specific line of business or subject. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Hadoop?

    <p>It provides a framework for distributed processing of big data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does in-memory computing offer in big data analysis?

    <p>It minimizes retrieval delays by using main memory for storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes analytic platforms?

    <p>They are optimized for both relational and non-relational tools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a data mart from a data warehouse?

    <p>A data mart focuses on a specific user group or subject matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) primarily used for?

    <p>Storing data across multiple computers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of business intelligence, what does the term 'analytics' refer to?

    <p>Using tools to process and analyze large quantities of data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of OLAP in data analysis?

    <p>To support multidimensional data analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes data mining?

    <p>Finding hidden patterns and relationships in datasets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of referential integrity rules in a relational database management system (RDBMS)?

    <p>To ensure consistency in relationships between tables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data mining technique is used to cluster data into groups based on similarities?

    <p>Clustering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key applications of text mining?

    <p>Extracting elements from unstructured datasets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes an entity-relationship diagram?

    <p>It documents the data model by illustrating relationships between entities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In OLAP analysis, which aspect is NOT considered a dimension?

    <p>Marketing Strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an unnormalized relation in a database?

    <p>It contains repeating groups and lacks normalized structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an order relation after the normalization process?

    <p>It is split into multiple relations that reduce redundancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information can data mining predict based on existing data?

    <p>Future behaviors of customers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a non-relational database over a relational database?

    <p>Greater flexibility in data modeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sentiment analysis software is primarily used for which purpose?

    <p>Mining opinions from social media and blogs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does OLAP enhance decision-making for businesses?

    <p>By rapidly provisioning answers to ad hoc queries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a normalized database design?

    <p>Increased complexity of queries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entities would be relevant in designing a database for a T-shirt webshop?

    <p>Customer, Product, Order, Line Item (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a combined key in a normalized table typically consist of?

    <p>Concatenated values from two different fields (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the SELECT operation in a relational DBMS?

    <p>To create a subset of data that meets specific criteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a primary key in a table?

    <p>A unique identifier for each record in a table (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the JOIN operation achieve when used in a relational DBMS?

    <p>It combines data from multiple tables into one result set (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a foreign key in a relational database?

    <p>It references a primary key in another table (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the PROJECT operation function in a relational DBMS?

    <p>It selects specific columns from a table to create a new table (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A relational database table is organized as which of the following?

    <p>Two-dimensional tables made up of rows and columns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a relational database, what is typically true of the key field?

    <p>It must contain unique values for each record (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about entities and attributes in a relational database is true?

    <p>Each entity must have at least one attribute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Relational DBMS

    A system that organizes data into two-dimensional tables with rows and columns.

    Table (in DBMS)

    A grid format where data is organized in rows (records) and columns (attributes).

    Row (Tuple)

    A record in a database table representing a single instance of an entity.

    Column (Field)

    An attribute in a table that defines a property of the entity.

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    Primary Key

    A field in a table that uniquely identifies each record within that table.

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    Foreign Key

    A primary key from one table that is utilized in another table to link data.

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    SELECT Operation

    A basic operation to create a subset of data that meets specific criteria.

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    JOIN Operation

    A method to combine data from two or more tables in a database.

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    Data Quality

    The accuracy and completeness of data in databases.

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    Data Quality Audit

    A structured review assessing data accuracy and completeness.

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    Data Cleansing

    The process of correcting and formatting inaccurate or redundant data.

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    Redundant Data

    Duplicate or unnecessary data entries in a database.

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    Faulty Input

    Incorrect data entry due to human error or system issues.

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    Referential Integrity

    Rules in RDBMS to ensure consistent relationships between tables.

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    Entity-Relationship Diagram

    Diagram showing relationships between entities in a database.

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    Data Model

    Framework describing how data is structured and managed in a system.

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    Unnormalized Relation

    Table structure with repeating groups, leading to data redundancy.

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    Normalized Tables

    Refined tables created from unnormalized relations to reduce redundancy.

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    Non-relational Databases

    Databases that allow flexible data storage without strict table structures.

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    Attributes in Entities

    Characteristics that define an entity in a database.

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    Designing Tables and Columns

    Process of creating structured layouts for storing data attributes.

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    Analytical tools

    Tools for analyzing vast data to aid business decisions.

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    Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

    Supports multidimensional data analysis for rapid queries.

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    Multidimensional data analysis

    Viewing data from various perspectives like product or region.

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    Data mining

    Finding hidden patterns in large datasets, like buying habits.

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    Types of data mining info

    Includes associations, sequences, classifications, clustering, forecasting.

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    Text mining

    Extracting valuable information from large unstructured text datasets.

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    Sentiment analysis

    Detects opinions from unstructured data sources like social media.

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    Patterns in data

    Recurring sequences or relationships found during analysis.

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    Web Mining

    Discovery and analysis of useful patterns from the web.

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    Web Content Mining

    Mines the content of web pages for information.

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    Web Structure Mining

    Analyzes the links to and from a web page.

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    Web Usage Mining

    Mines user interaction data recorded by web servers.

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    Web Database Configuration

    Uses web servers and application servers to access databases.

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    Information Policy

    Firm’s rules for sharing and managing data.

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    Data Governance

    Policies for managing data availability, usability, and security.

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    Database Administration

    The creation and maintenance of databases.

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    Business intelligence infrastructure

    A system of tools for obtaining information from various data sources and big data.

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    Data warehouse

    A centralized repository that stores current and historical data from multiple operational systems.

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    Data marts

    A subset of data warehouse focused on a specific subject or user group.

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    Hadoop

    A framework enabling distributed processing of big data across many computers.

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    In-memory computing

    Data processing technique using RAM for storage to speed up access and analysis.

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    Analytic platforms

    High-speed platforms optimized for analyzing large datasets with various tools.

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    Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

    A data storage system used in Hadoop for managing large data sets.

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    MapReduce

    A programming model in Hadoop that processes large data sets by breaking them into smaller clusters.

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    Study Notes

    Information Systems: Theory & Practice

    • Course Title: Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
    • Instructor: Prof. Dr. Paul Drews

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand the issues with managing data in traditional file environments
    • Learn the key capabilities of database management systems (DBMS), focusing on relational DBMSs
    • Explore tools and technologies for accessing and improving business performance and decision-making using databases
    • Discover why information policies, data administration, and data quality are crucial for managing a firm's data resources

    Astro Case Study

    • Business Challenges: Growing competition, need for new services, legacy infrastructure
    • Management: Develop IT plan, Implement system, Train employees, Establish enterprise-wide standards
    • Technology: AWS Data Lake, AWS Storage Service, Elastic Compute Cloud
    • Organization: Implement technology strategies
    • Business Solutions: Real-time customer analysis, Content curation, multi-channel advertising

    Agenda

    • Managing Data in a Traditional File Environment
    • Database Management Systems
    • Tools for improving business performance and decision-making
    • Managing the firm's data resources

    File Organization Concepts

    • Database: A collection of related files
    • File: A collection of records
    • Record: A collection of related fields
    • Field: A collection of characters (words/numbers)
    • Entity: A person, place, or thing (e.g., COURSE)
    • Attribute: A characteristic describing an entity (e.g., GRADE or DATE for a COURSE)

    The Data Hierarchy

    • Data organization structure: bit (0 or 1) → byte → field → record → file → database
    • Bits group to form bytes, a byte represents character, number or symbol
    • Related fields group into records
    • Related records form a file, and related files organize into a database

    Managing Data in a Traditional File Environment (Problems)

    • Data redundancy: Duplicate data in multiple files
    • Data inconsistency: Attributes having different values in different files
    • Program-data dependence: Program changes require data changes
    • Lack of flexibility: Difficulty adapting to changing needs
    • Poor security: Lack of central control
    • Lack of data sharing and availability

    Traditional File Processing

    • Each department develops its own application
    • Creates specific files for each application
    • Subsets of master files lead to redundancy and inconsistency

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS)

    • Centralizes data, controls redundant data
    • Separates logical and physical data views
    • Eliminates problems of traditional file environment
    • Controls redundancy, eliminates inconsistency
    • Uncouples programs and data
    • Enables centralized data and data security management

    Human Resources Database with Multiple Views

    • Multiple views of data depending on user needs
    • Benefits specialist: Different data points than payroll department

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Relational DBMS

    • Represents data in two-dimensional tables
    • Each table has rows (records) and columns (attributes)
    • Tables relate to each other using unique keys

    Relational Database Tables

    • Entities represented as separate tables
    • Tables linked using key fields (primary and foreign keys)
    • Primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table
    • Foreign keys link records across tables

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Operations of a Relational DBMS

    • SELECT: Subset of data with specified criteria
    • JOIN: Combines data from multiple tables
    • PROJECT: Extracts subset of specified columns

    The Three Basic Operations (Relational DBMS)

    • Selecting rows, joining, and projecting from multiple tables form a combined view of selected data

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS)

    • Data definition capability
    • Data dictionary
    • Querying and reporting: Data manipulation language (SQL)
    • Report generation

    Microsoft Access Data Dictionary Features

    • Rudimentary data dictionary capability shows data type, format, and characteristics of fields in a database

    Example of an SQL Query

    • SQL query examples demonstrating retrieval of data from multiple tables, using criteria to show results from linked tables

    An Access Query

    • Illustrates how queries are built in Microsoft Access.

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Designing Databases

    • Conceptual design (high-level abstraction of business perspective)
    • Physical design (details of database storage)
    • Normalization reduces redundant data elements

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Referential Integrity Rules

    • Ensures relationships between tables remain consistent, crucial for data integrity

    An Unnormalized Relation for Order

    • Example of an unnormalized table, showing redundant data

    Normalized Tables Created from Order

    • Example Relational database to solve the problems represented by the unnormalized database

    An Entity-Relationship Diagram

    • Illustrates relationships between entities in a relational database

    Your Task

    • Design a database for a T-shirt webshop.
    • Identify relevant entities and their attributes to include in the database design.
    • Design the database tables and columns.

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Non-relational Databases

    • More flexible data models.
    • Data stored across distributed machines.
    • Easier to scale.
    • Handling large volumes of unstructured and structured data

    Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMS): Databases in the Cloud

    • Appeal to start-ups and smaller businesses
    • Examples: Amazon Relational Database Service, Microsoft SQL Azure, private clouds

    Agenda (Summary)

    • Managing data in traditional file environments
    • Database Management Systems
    • Tools to improve business performance and decision making
    • Managing the firm's data resources

    Managing the Firm's Data Resources

    • Establish policies and procedures for sharing, managing, and standardizing data.
    • Implement data administration policies and procedures.
    • Utilize data governance policies and processes for handling data availability, usability, integrity, and security (especially government regulations).
    • Establish database administration to manage and maintain the database.

    Managing the Firm's Data Resources: Ensuring Data Quality

    • Data quality audit: Surveys and software to detect inaccurate, incomplete, redundant or inconsistently formatted data.
    • Data cleansing: Correcting faulty data. Establish procedures for ongoing editing of data to maintain quality.

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Hadoop

    • Enables distributed parallel processing of vast data volumes.
    • Key services: Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), MapReduce, Hbase

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: In-memory Computing

    • Uses a computer's main memory (RAM) for data storage.
    • Enhances speed and responsiveness of analyses.
    • Requires optimized hardware.

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Analytical Platforms

    • Optimized for large datasets using both relational and non-relational tools for powerful analysis capabilities

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Analytical Tools

    • Consolidating, analyzing, and providing access to data to support better business decision making.
    • Techniques like OLAP, data mining and text mining

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

    • Supports multi-dimensional data analysis, viewing data from multiple perspectives.

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Data Mining

    • Identifies hidden patterns and relationships in datasets.
    • Infers rules for future behavior predictions.

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Text Mining

    • Extracts key information from unstructured data sets (e-mails, transcripts, etc.).
    • Detecting sentiments and opinions.

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Web Mining

    • Discovers insights from web pages, links, content, structures and user behavior

    Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision Making: Databases and the Web

    • Companies make internal databases available via web interface (web server, application server, database server).

    Linking Internal Databases to the Web

    • Diagram showing how a client with a web browser accesses an organization's internal database via the internet using web server, application server, and database server.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key concepts in business intelligence and database management systems. This quiz covers topics such as data management issues, DBMS capabilities, and the importance of information policies. Enhance your skills in using databases to improve business performance and decision-making.

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