Foundational Perspectives: Cognition Lecture 10
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a stereotype?

  • A detailed analysis of an individual's personality.
  • A scientific theory supported by extensive research.
  • A personal anecdote that represents a broader truth.
  • An oversimplified generalization about a group that often focuses on the negative. (correct)

    • What is meant by assimilation in the context of stereotypes?

  • Rejecting new information that contradicts existing beliefs.
  • Creating new stereotypes from diverse experiences.
  • Fitting new data within existing stereotypes. (correct)
  • Changing perspectives based on new experiences.

    • How does selective attention relate to stereotypes?

  • It causes individuals to ignore stereotypical behaviors entirely.
  • It leads people to focus on stereotypical behaviors, making them more available. (correct)
  • It increases awareness of positive behaviors linked with stereotypes.
  • It ensures equal attention to all behaviors, regardless of stereotype.

    • What describes cause density bias?

    <p>Overestimating the relationship when a cue occurs frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are individuals resistant to changing their stereotypes?

    <p>It is often more economical to assimilate than to accommodate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is illusory causation?

    <p>Believing a strong cause exists when it does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does accommodation mean in relation to stereotypes?

    <p>Modifying one's preconceived notions to include new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is outcome density bias?

    <p>Overestimating the relationship when the outcome occurs frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines inductive reasoning?

    <p>Drawing conclusions based on observations and evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of overrelying on heuristics?

    <p>Illusory correlations and stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive bias involves favoring information that confirms existing beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a valid syllogism?

    <p>The conclusion logically follows from the premises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syllogism is an example of a valid but untrue syllogism?

    <p>All mammals are animals; all animals have wings; therefore, all mammals have wings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a syllogism consist of?

    <p>Two premises followed by a conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heuristic is associated with judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind?

    <p>Availability heuristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of cognitive biases?

    <p>Distorted judgment and poor decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the strengthening of beliefs in response to corrective information?

    <p>The backfire effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group showed a greater likelihood to disagree with the statement regarding Iraq's weapons of mass destruction after receiving corrections?

    <p>Very liberal participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main subject of the study conducted by Nyhan & Reifler in 2010?

    <p>Political affiliations and beliefs about WMDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did corrections have on moderate-conservative and very conservative participants regarding their agreement with the WMD statement?

    <p>They were more likely to agree with the statement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in forming an opinion or conclusion according to the study?

    <p>Judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the corrective information presented to participants in the study?

    <p>A claim that no WMDs were found in Iraq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the effect of corrections on participants is accurate?

    <p>Corrections had varying effects based on political affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement exemplifies the judgement process described in the content?

    <p>Forming an opinion based on previously held beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mental model used for in reasoning?

    <p>To assist in generating conclusions about a situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ball is mentioned to be directly positioned above the cue ball?

    <p>Black ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of looking for exceptions in a mental model?

    <p>To falsify the model and validate syllogisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the red ball positioned in relation to the cue ball?

    <p>Between the cue ball and the black ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mental models, what is the role of judgement?

    <p>To assess the viability of solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine the validity of a syllogism?

    <p>By identifying clear logical conclusions from the model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a situation in which the green ball is located?

    <p>It is to the right of the cue ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive activity is associated with creating a mental model?

    <p>Structured reasoning to solve problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in creating a mental model for syllogisms?

    <p>Create a model of a situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which premise correctly describes the relationship between artists and beekeepers?

    <p>None of the artists are beekeepers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If all beekeepers are chemists, what can be concluded about chemists?

    <p>Some chemists are not beekeepers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an exception in the mental model for syllogisms?

    <p>To falsify the model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a person determine the validity of a syllogism?

    <p>By creating a mental model of the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the mental model approach, which of the following statements can be true?

    <p>No chemists are artists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred if 'No chemists are artists' is considered an exception?

    <p>The original assumptions about artists and beekeepers could be false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of judgment in deductive reasoning involve?

    <p>Evaluating the validity of premises and their conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Falsification Principle state?

    <p>To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did performance in the Wason four-card problem change in a real-world context compared to an abstract condition?

    <p>Performance improved with real-world scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for the high success rate of participants in the real-world version of the Wason problem?

    <p>They were familiar with the conditions related to permissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant factor contributes to humans being on the lookout for cheaters?

    <p>To confer an evolutionary advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the findings of Premack regarding chimpanzees?

    <p>Language-trained chimps can succeed on some reasoning tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of code do non-language trained chimps primarily use in reasoning tasks?

    <p>Imaginal code related to visual properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reasoning ability is associated with language-trained chimps according to Premack?

    <p>Using an abstract code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research on reasoning abilities, what is often the central focus when studying animals?

    <p>The ability to learn language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Foundational Perspectives: Cognition - Lecture 10: Judgement and Reasoning

    • The lecture covered Judgement & Reasoning, specifically making judgements and deductive reasoning.
    • Judgement is the process of forming an opinion or conclusion.
    • Decisions are the process of choosing between alternatives.
    • Reasoning is drawing conclusions based on evidence.
    • Inductive Reasoning: A type of reasoning based on observation, used in reaching conclusions from evidence (e.g., all the dogs I have seen are black, therefore all dogs are black). It's important to note that inductive conclusions are probable, not definite. Factors influencing strength are representativeness of observations, number of observations, and quality of evidence.
    • Heuristics are 'rules of thumb' useful for problem-solving, but not foolproof. Availability and representativeness heuristics were discussed as commonly used examples.
    • Availability heuristic states that more easily remembered events are judged as more probable than less memorable ones.
    • Representativeness heuristic suggests that judgments are based on how much one event resembles another. The 'base rate' (the relative proportion of different classes) is often overlooked in this case.
    • Illusory correlations are when a correlation appears to exist but either is not present or is far weaker than assumed (for example, a girl winning a lottery after using a specific coin).
    • Stereotypes are oversimplified generalizations about groups of people frequently focusing on negative attributes. These are often linked to the availability heuristic, with the related bias of biased assimilation (bending new experiences to fit within existing stereotypes).
    • Illusory causation refers to an overestimated relationship between a cue and outcome when the cue occurs frequently (e.g., a person believing that using echinacea tea frequently helps prevent colds).
    • Myside bias is when people evaluate evidence leaning towards their own opinions and attitudes.
    • Confirmation bias is selectively looking for information that supports one's hypothesis and failing to consider opposing evidence.
    • Deductive Reasoning: Determining whether a conclusion logically follows from premises (statements) as in syllogisms (two premises followed by a conclusion).
    • Mental Model: A specific situation represented in a person's mind to help assess the validity of syllogisms (the validity of premises and conclusions).
    • Conditional syllogisms: involve "if-then" statements. Both Modus Ponens (valid) and Modus Tollens (valid) were presented.
    • The Wason four-card problem is an example of a conditional syllogism used to illustrate how people often struggle with falsification principles.
    • The belief bias is the tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable.
    • The instructor covered examples related to likelihood tasks, heuristics (availability and representativeness), and the verification of information for understanding and verifying syllogisms.
    • The study also included the importance of considering base rates, and an example demonstrating how the base rate can be neglected by individuals in judgment tasks. Relevant tasks included ranking statements of likelihood, estimating probabilities, and selecting which cards to check when validating a rule.

    Additional Topics

    • Week 1: Unit orientation & data collection
    • Week 2: Learning & Critical Thinking & introduction to A1
    • Week 3: Attention
    • Week 4: Short-term & working memory & Assessment 2 Part 1
    • Week 5: Long-term memory & Assessment 2 Part 2 (A1 Due)
    • Week 6: Everyday memory
    • Week 7: Break week
    • Week 8: Conceptual Knowledge
    • Week 9: Language & Reading
    • Week 10: Problem Solving & Creativity
    • Week 11: Judgement & Reasoning (tutorial)
    • Week 12: Decision making
    • Week 13: Review & Reflection

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Week 11 Lecture Notes - Judgement and Reasoning PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 10 on Judgement and Reasoning. It delves into decision-making processes, types of reasoning, and the role of heuristics in drawing conclusions. Test your knowledge on inductive reasoning, heuristics, and their implications in judgement formation.

    More Like This

    Equality of Reasoning and Judgment
    10 questions

    Equality of Reasoning and Judgment

    LucrativeWendigo avatar
    LucrativeWendigo
    Psychology Chapter 12: Judgement and Reasoning
    89 questions

    Psychology Chapter 12: Judgement and Reasoning

    InvulnerableGold2463 avatar
    InvulnerableGold2463
    Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12
    31 questions

    Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12

    HandsomeVariable avatar
    HandsomeVariable
    Ethical Reasoning in Healthcare
    80 questions

    Ethical Reasoning in Healthcare

    SumptuousSugilite7063 avatar
    SumptuousSugilite7063
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser