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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes a global enterprise from other types of businesses?
What distinguishes a global enterprise from other types of businesses?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of a global enterprise?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of a global enterprise?
What is a primary advantage of a joint venture?
What is a primary advantage of a joint venture?
What does Public Private Partnership (PPP) primarily involve?
What does Public Private Partnership (PPP) primarily involve?
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Which of the following statements about global enterprises is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about global enterprises is FALSE?
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What is a characteristic of Departmental Undertakings in the public sector?
What is a characteristic of Departmental Undertakings in the public sector?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of Departmental Undertakings?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of Departmental Undertakings?
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What distinguishes Statutory Corporations from government departments?
What distinguishes Statutory Corporations from government departments?
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Which of the following best describes the financial operational structure of Statutory Corporations?
Which of the following best describes the financial operational structure of Statutory Corporations?
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What merit do Statutory Corporations have over traditional government departments?
What merit do Statutory Corporations have over traditional government departments?
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What is a common limitation faced by Statutory Corporations?
What is a common limitation faced by Statutory Corporations?
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Which of the following statements regarding Departmental Undertakings is false?
Which of the following statements regarding Departmental Undertakings is false?
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Which factor contributes to the political interference in Statutory Corporations?
Which factor contributes to the political interference in Statutory Corporations?
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Which statement accurately defines a government company?
Which statement accurately defines a government company?
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What is a key feature of a government company?
What is a key feature of a government company?
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Which of the following is NOT a merit of a government company?
Which of the following is NOT a merit of a government company?
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What major change occurred in the public sector due to the Industrial Policy 1991?
What major change occurred in the public sector due to the Industrial Policy 1991?
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How is a subsidiary of a government company classified?
How is a subsidiary of a government company classified?
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What is one of the objectives of the Public Sector?
What is one of the objectives of the Public Sector?
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What does disinvestment in the public sector entail?
What does disinvestment in the public sector entail?
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Which of the following mechanisms helps restructure loss-making public sectors?
Which of the following mechanisms helps restructure loss-making public sectors?
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Study Notes
Forms of Business Organizations
- Public Sector includes Departmental Undertakings, Statutory Corporations, and Government Companies.
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Departmental Undertakings are directly controlled by the government and operate like government departments, with employees considered government employees. Examples include railways, defense, and post and telegraphs.
- Merits: Effective control, public accountability, suitable for national security.
- Demerits: Lack of flexibility, delay in decision making, red tapism, political interference, unable to take advantage of opportunities.
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Statutory Corporations are established by special acts of Parliament.
- Features: Fully owned by the government, separate legal entity, employees are not government employees, Board of Directors appointed by the government, prepares its own budget and retains earnings, profit not the main motive, public accountability, generally free from interference.
- Merits: Free from undesirable government interference, relatively free from red tape, quick decision-making, policies subject to parliamentary control.
- Limitations: Subject to rules and regulations, government and political interference, potential for corruption, misuse of power by the Board of Directors.
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Government Companies are defined by the Indian Companies Act 1956 as companies with more than 51% of paid-up capital held by the central or state government.
- Examples: Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. (HMT), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL), Steel Authority of India Ltd.
- Features: Created by the Indian Companies Act, 1956, separate legal identity, employees hired based on company rules, exempted from specific accounting and audit regulations, funds from government shareholdings, private shareholders, and capital market.
- Merits: Easy establishment, separate legal entity, limited departmental interference, ability to regulate prices.
Changing Role of Public Sector
- The public sector was initially established to accelerate economic growth, promote income equality, develop infrastructure, and ensure equal development across the country.
- Poor performance due to factors like outdated technology, underutilization of capacity, overstaffing, trade unionism, and political interference led to reforms in the 1991 Industrial Policy.
- These reforms included:
- Reducing industries reserved for the public sector from 17 to 3 (atomic energy, arms, rail transport).
- Implementing Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to define autonomy and targets for public sector units.
- Implementing disinvestment, selling equity shares to the private sector and public.
- Restructuring and reviving potentially viable loss-making public sector units under the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR).
- Closing down unrevivable public sector units.
- Establishing a National Renewal Fund for retraining, redeploying, and compensating employees.
Global Enterprises / Multinational Companies
- Definition: Global enterprises operate and manage businesses in two or more countries.
- Examples: Unilever Ltd, Coca-Cola, LG, Samsung, Hyundai Motors, Proctor and Gamble, etc.
- Features: Huge capital resources, network of subsidiaries, branches, and affiliates in host countries, headquarters in the home country with control over branches and subsidiaries, advanced technology for world-class products and services, professionally trained managers, access to international markets, advanced research and development, aggressive marketing strategies, agreements with local firms in host countries.
Joint Ventures
- Definition: Joint ventures are business partnerships between two or more companies for a specific purpose.
- Examples: Hero Honda, Maruti Udyog, Birla Yamaha Ltd, etc.
- Benefits: Greater resources and capacity, access to advanced technology, access to new markets, lower production costs, innovative products and services, leveraging existing brand recognition and goodwill.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
- A PPP involves a partnership between the government and private sectors to finance and operate projects or services.
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of business organizations including public sector units like departmental undertakings and statutory corporations. It discusses their merits and demerits, highlighting how they operate and their accountability. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of these organizations in the business landscape.