128 Questions
What is social control in the context of regulating human behavior?
A process by which society tries to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
How does social control relate to deviance?
Deviance means deviating from social control
What is the purpose of social control?
To ensure people conform to expected behavior
Why is social control considered a process rather than an institution?
Because it operates through institutions but is not an institution itself
In what ways do institutions contribute to social control?
By ensuring individuals conform to expected behavior
What is the main factor that determines whether an action is considered deviant?
Receiving negative social reactions
What type of effort is usually made to change the behavior of a deviant individual?
Public and concerted
What determines the level of disfavor attached to someone's deviant behavior?
The harmfulness or danger involved
What is necessary for an action to be labeled as deviant?
Triggering societal reaction and disapproval
Deviance is:
Defined by societal norms and values
Who were mentioned as examples of individuals who were initially disapproved of but later increasingly approved of due to challenging oppressive systems?
Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, Harriet Tubman, Nellie McClung
How does sociology view deviance?
As ethically neutral and context-dependent
What defines whether a behavior is considered deviant in society?
The social context and group agreement on norm violation
Deviance can serve a useful purpose when:
It challenges oppressive systems
How does the text describe deviance in relation to rules?
Deviance cannot exist without established rules to deviate from
What is the primary purpose of sidewalks, as described in the text?
To control people's behaviors
What is the metaphorical significance of the 'stay in your lane' caution sign on the highway?
Representing social control and the idea of staying within prescribed boundaries
In what ways can social control be exerted, according to the text?
Through mental hospitals, judicial systems, and the military
How did Ukrainians perceive social control after communism fell, as described in the text?
It had transformed to regulating thoughts rather than physical presence
What was the role of KGB agents in the lives of Ukrainians during the communist era?
They reported on dissenters and those who disagreed with the government
How did one in every five people being a KGB agent impact the lives of Ukrainians, as mentioned in the text?
It instilled fear and uncertainty in relationships
Why do people often follow social rules even when there is no enforcement present?
Internalization of values and norms
What does violating social norms imply, according to the text?
A disregard for societal expectations and values
How does social control persist even after the fall of oppressive regimes?
By impacting people's thoughts and behaviors
What is a common way to achieve social control according to the text?
Employing positive and negative sanctions
In the context of social control, what would be an example of a negative sanction?
Expressing disapproval
Which term refers to keeping societal values and norms in our minds and making them our own?
Conformity
What is an example of a positive sanction as mentioned in the text?
Being awarded a scholarship for good grades
How are societal norms and values typically internalized according to the text?
By conforming and self-regulating
What is the primary purpose of using positive and negative sanctions in achieving social control?
To reward compliant behavior and force compliance
How do positive sanctions differ from negative sanctions in social control?
Positive sanctions reward compliant behavior while negative sanctions force compliance.
How does structural functionalism perceive the internalization of societal values and norms?
As a way of getting individuals to make societal values their own through conformity.
What is an example of deviance mentioned in the text?
Forging a signature with the boss's permission
How does deviance sometimes act as a safety valve in the workplace, according to the text?
By reducing tension caused by strict rules through minor deviant acts
How does deviance clarify rules, as mentioned in the text?
By revealing consequences for breaking rules
In the context of the text, how does deviating from a curfew set by parents help clarify boundaries?
By testing to see if there is flexibility around the curfew time
Why might some people in a workplace agree to engage in minor deviant acts like taking longer coffee breaks?
To alleviate tension caused by rigid rules
What role does deviance play in keeping things moving efficiently, as described in the text?
Cutting through red tape by engaging in minor deviant acts
What is the primary purpose of formal sanctions?
To prevent deviance
Which of the following is an example of a formal positive sanction?
Being awarded a doctorate by a university without studying for it
What characterizes informal sanctions?
They are unwritten and casual
What is the purpose of satire as a formal negative sanction?
To make fun of or expose something through humor
What is the main difference between formal and informal sanctions?
Formal sanctions are regulated and scheduled while informal sanctions are unorganized and casual.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal negative sanction mentioned in the text?
Receiving a ceremonial honor without earning it
What is an example of a formal and negative sanction?
Getting demoted at work for not following rules
Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?
Public praise in a work environment
In the context of social control, what would be considered an informal and negative sanction?
Being scolded by peers
What might be an example of a combined formal and informal sanction?
Receiving public praise and private scolding
What function of deviance is highlighted when discussing cutting red tape in procedures?
Facilitating better productivity
Which informal negative sanction is typically associated with leaving someone out?
Ostracism
What is an example of an informal positive sanction mentioned in the text?
Private admiration between colleagues
What is an informal positive sanction that can happen spontaneously in a work environment?
Public admiration where everyone claps for you
Which action is considered both a formal and negative sanction?
Getting fined for deviant behavior
What is one way in which deviance can lead to greater social cohesion within a group?
By uniting the group against the deviant
How can a group of coworkers exhibit solidarity when one member defies authority in a way the group appreciates?
By rallying around and supporting the deviant coworker
What role does collective action play in addressing deviant behavior within a group?
Fostering social cohesion by working together towards a common goal
How can supporting a coworker who engages in a deviant act that benefits the group influence group dynamics?
It can enhance cohesion and solidarity among group members
According to the conflict theory, how is deviance defined?
By the winners in society
In the context of deviance, why might a group breaking minor laws in different neighborhoods receive different labels?
Because of their socioeconomic status
How does the medicalization of deviance impact the perception of certain behaviors?
It changes moral and legal issues into medical matters
What does it mean to 'master status' a person according to the text?
To characterize them based on one defining trait or label
How does medicalization affect the response to deviant behavior?
It shifts the focus from punishment to medical treatment
What differentiates the labeling of lower-class shoplifters from upper-class kleptomaniacs?
The financial status of the individuals involved
Why might society give different labels to individuals exhibiting similar deviant behaviors based on their socioeconomic status?
To maintain existing power structures
What is the primary consequence of master statusing a person according to the text?
'Overshadowing' other facets of their identity
How does the selective application of norms and labels contribute to societal perceptions of deviance?
By reinforcing social hierarchies
In what way does society's response to deviant behavior differ between individuals labeled as derelicts versus those labeled with medical conditions?
Derelicts are often ostracized while those with medical conditions receive support services.
Why does the speaker mention the scenario of labeling someone with a personality disorder to dismiss their ideas?
To highlight the misuse of medicalization of deviance to control outcomes
What does the humorous scenario about 'intermittent explosive disorder' versus 'road rage' aim to highlight?
The absurdity of medicalizing all forms of deviant behavior
What concept does the speaker introduce when discussing the selective enforcement of the law towards marginalized groups?
Selective enforcement of law
How does the speaker critique the selective enforcement of law towards certain groups in society?
By questioning whose interests are served by selective enforcement
Why do social bonds play a significant role in conformity according to the text?
They create motivation based on attachments and relationships.
What is the central question of sociology regarding human behavior?
Why individuals choose to deviate from societal norms
What is highlighted by the speaker's discussion about the vast cafeteria of temptations and societal behavior?
The mystery behind why more people do not engage in deviant behaviors
How do investments influence an individual's likelihood of deviating from social norms?
They raise the stakes by having more to lose through deviant behavior.
'Why don't they do it?' perspective discussed in the text is mainly concerned with __________.
Exploring motivations for deviant behavior
How does the text explain the decrease in deviance with age?
Due to increased attachment to significant groups over time.
What does the text suggest about individuals who are highly involved and busy in various aspects of life?
Their involvements reduce the time and energy available for deviance.
'Rules about the rules' perspective mentioned in the text refers to __________.
Understanding the enforcement mechanisms of norms
Why might individuals with few social bonds be more inclined towards deviant behavior?
Lack of social rewards makes deviance less risky for them.
How do social investments contribute to maintaining conformity within society?
By providing a sense of security and stability that discourages risk-taking.
What role do social bonds play in the context of social control according to the text?
They create motivations that steer individuals towards conformity.
In the context of conformity, how do attachments influence an individual's decision-making process?
Attachments promote adherence to societal expectations to maintain relationships.
Why might criticizing a deviant act actually reinforce conformity from a functionalist perspective?
By labeling the deviant act as wrong, individuals reaffirm their own conformity by distancing themselves from the act.
In the conflict perspective on deviance, what concern is highlighted regarding social control?
The disproportionate power of certain individuals may lead to labeling those who challenge them as deviant.
What function does deviance serve in alerting society to potential flaws in the system?
Deviance serves as a warning signal that something is wrong and needs to change.
In the context of conflict theory, why might certain actions be labeled as deviant while others are not, despite both involving financial consequences?
Actions leading to personal gain for those in power may be exempt from being labeled deviant under conflict theory.
How might conflict theory explain the differential treatment of personal bankruptcy versus theft of personal property?
Conflict theory suggests that personal bankruptcy is deemed justifiable when it benefits those in power.
'Justice without strength is helpless. Strength without justice is tyrannical.' According to conflict theory, what can happen when strength overrides justice?
'Tyranny can arise when those with power use it unjustly to suppress dissent.'
'Justice without strength is helpless. Strength without justice is tyrannical.' In the context of conflict theory, how might this quote reflect societal power dynamics?
'Those with disproportionate strength may use it unjustly to maintain their dominance over others.'
How are crime rates typically measured?
By the point in the funnel process at which the measurement is taken
Why might crime rates be considered notoriously inaccurate?
Because only a fraction of crimes get reported and result in convictions
What is the primary reason why people might avoid deviant behavior despite personal desires?
All of the above
How does the text suggest crime rates can be misleading?
Because not all reported crimes lead to arrests and convictions
What factor contributes significantly to the inaccuracies of crime rates, as explained in the text?
The different stages in the criminal justice process
Why does the text emphasize the importance of understanding the funnel process in crime measurement?
To illustrate the complexity and potential inaccuracies in measuring crime
What does the funnel process in crime measurement help explain?
The challenges in accurately quantifying and interpreting crime rates
What type of crime involves activities conducted by members within a hierarchically arranged group devoted to making money illegally?
Organized crime
Which category of crime includes offenses motivated by hate based on factors like race, religion, sexual orientation, or political views?
Hate crime
Which type of offense falls under street crime and involves intent to gain property without force or threat of force?
Robbery
What term is used to describe offenses like robbery or theft that aim to gain property without using force or threat?
Property offenses
What term is used to describe crimes committed by individuals of high social standing in their professional roles?
White collar crimes
In the context of the text, what is a common characteristic of white collar crimes?
They are committed in back rooms.
Which term refers to crimes involving digital devices as either targets or means of criminal activity?
Cybercrimes
What makes the detection and apprehension of corporate crimes particularly challenging compared to street crimes?
The locations where the crimes occur
What term is commonly used to describe violations of the law that lead to financial gain through illegal practices within organized structures?
White collar crimes
Why might white collar crimes be less visually striking than street crimes, despite potentially causing significant harm?
They are perpetrated by elites behind closed doors.
In the context of the text, what is an example of political corruption?
Imprisoning dissidents in mental institutions
How does the text exemplify the issue of regulating those in power?
By questioning who monitors powerful figures' actions
How does the text portray the criminal behavior of Hamas and the State of Israel?
Committing crimes against civilians
What is the primary rationale for punishment in criminal justice systems according to the text?
Retribution
In the Canadian justice system, what percentage of the adult male prison population is indigenous despite making up only 4% of the total population?
25%
What did Nancy MacDonald's research suggest about Canada's prisons in relation to residential schools?
Prisons serve a similar purpose to residential schools for indigenous populations
Which rationale for punishment involves a more rehabilitative approach in criminal justice systems?
Rehabilitation
What societal issue is highlighted by the overrepresentation of indigenous people in Canadian prisons?
Selective law enforcement
In restorative justice, which question is typically asked when responding to harm done?
Who has been hurt?
What distinguishes restorative justice from a punitive justice system in handling crime?
Emphasizing community healing and victim needs
What is a key aspect of the restorative justice process regarding the offender's responsibility?
Recognizing and owning their harmful actions
When considering needs in a restorative justice approach, whose needs are typically prioritized?
Victim's needs
What plays a central role in facilitating a restorative justice process between the victim and the perpetrator?
Preparing for careful dialogue between victim and perpetrator
In restorative justice, whose perspectives and voices are crucial in addressing the harm caused by criminal acts?
Victims, communities, and offenders
What do deterrence and rehabilitation both aim to achieve within the criminal justice system?
Prevention of recidivism
In the context of incapacitation, what is the primary goal of rendering an offender incapable of further offense?
To permanently eliminate the possibility of committing another crime
Which concept in the criminal justice system is aimed at discouraging criminal behavior by making an example of an offender?
Specific deterrence
What is a key difference between incapacitation and rehabilitation in the context of punishment?
Rehabilitation aims to prevent future crimes, whereas incapacitation focuses on long-term confinement.
What is one significant limitation highlighted in the text regarding the effectiveness of deterrence as a rationale for punishment in justice systems?
The high rates of recidivism despite punitive measures
How does rehabilitation differ from incapacitation as a rationale for punishment?
Incapacitation removes immediate threats, while rehabilitation prevents future crimes by addressing root issues
What is the primary purpose of deterrence in the criminal justice system?
To discourage criminal behavior through punitive measures
Test your knowledge on formal and informal sanctions in social contexts. Learn about the consequences of deviating from rules and the impact of positive interactions such as receiving a 'thank you'.
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