Forensic Science Full Review
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditional science or engineering field that forensic science draws upon?

  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Geology (correct)
  • Chemistry

    • Which of the following is NOT a section commonly found in operational forensic laboratories?

  • Controlled substances
  • Serology
  • Toxicology
  • Ballistics (correct)

    • What is the difference between associative evidence and inceptive evidence?

  • Associative evidence links people, places, or objects, while inceptive evidence addresses whether an offense has occurred. (correct)
  • Associative evidence is conclusive, while inceptive evidence is inconclusive.
  • Associative evidence is based on DNA analysis, while inceptive evidence is based on fingerprint analysis.
  • Associative evidence is collected from the crime scene, while inceptive evidence is collected from the suspect.

    • Who is credited with establishing toxicology as an organized branch of forensic science?

    <p>Mateu Orfila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to associate bullets with a specific gun?

    <p>Alexandre Lacassagne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the most significant and earliest personal identification system?

    <p>Alphonse Bertillon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to use latent prints to solve a criminal case in Europe?

    <p>Sir Edward Richard Henry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who set up the first police crime laboratory in Europe, in Lyons?

    <p>Edmund Locard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who published the first scientific article on the significance of bullet markings and their relation to bullet individualization?

    <p>Victor Balthazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first developed antibody tests for the ABO blood groups?

    <p>Leone Lattes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the techniques for profile analysis of DNA?

    <p>Sir Alex Jeffreys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence that may require testing for accurate identification in forensic science?

    <p>Fingerprints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the identification process in forensic science?

    <p>To individualize evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discipline is considered as a separate specialty to forensic science?

    <p>Forensic Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is credited with having the first documented dissertation on forensic medicine?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered one of the first expert witnesses to provide reliable scientific evidence in a criminal trial?

    <p>Mateu J. Bonaventura Orfila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of forensic toxicology?

    <p>Identification and quantitation of toxic substances in body fluids and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personal identification system involved a series of body and facial measurements?

    <p>Bertillonage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with being the first to use latent prints in a criminal case?

    <p>Bertillon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who recognized the value of latent prints from a crime scene while working in Japan?

    <p>Henry Faulds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fingerprint classification system set up by Juan Vucetich?

    <p>Vucetich System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the FBI's Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) introduced?

    <p>2014</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized for the inception of the Locard Exchange Principle: 'Every contact leaves a trace'?

    <p>Edmond Locard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed and applied striation analysis for tool mark comparisons, incorporating statistical analysis into his methodology?

    <p>Luke May</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the first United States police crime laboratory?

    <p>August Vollmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who set up the first academic criminalistics program in the United States at the University of California, Berkeley?

    <p>Paul Kirk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law in the United States allowed for the admission of handwriting as evidence in questioned document examination?

    <p>Section 1731, Title 28 US Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the development of forensic soil and particulate examination?

    <p>Edmond Locard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who reported the first forensic investigation of human hair in 1861?

    <p>Rudolph Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are contextual effects in forensic science?

    <p>Environmental influences and past experiences that can sway decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confirmation bias is the concept of accepting conclusions of another without due diligence of the scientific process. Verification processes can be a classic form of confirmation bias because the word verification in itself is defined as 'evidence that establishes or confirms the accuracy or truth of something'. While not a flawed concept alone, it is better practice to attempt to disprove theories than to simply render a seal of approval based upon another's findings.

    <p>a) Accepting conclusions without due diligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can verification processes be a form of confirmation bias?

    <p>a) Because verification is defined as confirming the accuracy or truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice in relation to theories?

    <p>b) Attempting to disprove them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can biases be minimized in forensic analysis?

    <p>c) By recognizing and acknowledging bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confirmation bias and how can it manifest in forensic analysis?

    <p>Confirmation bias is the concept of accepting conclusions of another without due diligence of the scientific process. Verification processes can be a classic form of confirmation bias because the word verification in itself is defined as 'evidence that establishes or confirms the accuracy or truth of something'. While not a flawed concept alone, it is better practice to attempt to disprove theories than to simply render a seal of approval based upon another's findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of areas where bias has been found to exist in forensic analysis?

    <p>Bias has been found to exist in studies on DNA interpretation, latent print analysis, forensic anthropology, and bloodstain pattern analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the blind test conducted on experienced latent print examiners?

    <p>In the blind test conducted on experienced latent print examiners, 4 out of 5 examiners changed their conclusions from identification to exclusion based solely on provided contextual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can biases be minimized in forensic analysis?

    <p>Biases can be minimized in forensic analysis by implementing peer review processes that attempt to disprove the posited theories rather than approving methodologies, and by considering the use of blind verification processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the identification process in forensic science?

    <p>The ultimate goal of the identification process in forensic science is to establish the connection between a piece of evidence and a specific individual or source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important aspect of forensic examination that occurs at the crime scene?

    <p>Preserving the crime scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some techniques and technology that aid crime scene investigation?

    <p>Computer databases, automated comparison systems, and DNA profiling methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crime scene investigation involve?

    <p>Preserving the crime scene, recording the crime scene, searching the scene, collection and packaging of evidence, and crime scene safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has technology improved law enforcement's ability to solve crimes at crime scenes?

    <p>The use of computer databases, automated comparison systems, and DNA profiling methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is crime scene investigation facilitated?

    <p>Through increased collaborations with scientists from many scientific sub-disciplines and specialties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some practical and helpful ways of taking crime scene notes?

    <p>Sketching the scene and developing skills to prepare sketches of scenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some tools that can be used to create scale drawings of a crime scene?

    <p>Rulers, templates, graph paper, computer-aided design (CAD) programs, laser mapping systems, 360° scanners, and other mapping devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has new technology improved the process of diagramming a crime scene?

    <p>It saves time and energy and improves accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of using computer-aided design (CAD) programs and laser mapping systems for creating scale drawings?

    <p>They provide precision and speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice for maintaining skills in hand-drawing crime scene sketches?

    <p>It is important to continue practicing hand-drawing skills using rulers, templates, and graph paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some advantages of using computer-aided design (CAD) programs and laser mapping systems for creating scale drawings?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some practical and helpful ways of taking crime scene notes?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has new technology improved the process of diagramming a crime scene?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can verification processes be a form of confirmation bias?

    <p>Verification processes can lead to accepting conclusions without due diligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice for maintaining skills in hand-drawing crime scene sketches?

    <p>Using rulers, templates, and graph paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential requirements in approaching a scene examination?

    <p>Organization, Thoroughness, and Cautiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended order for collecting evidence at a crime scene?

    <p>Latent fingerprints, Blood and fiber, Larger items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to prioritize the collection of evidence?

    <p>To prevent loss of, or damage to, an item</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for packaging items at a crime scene?

    <p>Remove the item from the original packaging and discard it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of labeling items at the time of collection?

    <p>To assist with proving continuity and ultimately admittance into evidence at court</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interpretation in crime scene investigation?

    <p>To reconstruct the events relative to the located physical evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended progression of processing and collection methods when processing a crime scene?

    <p>Collect the least transient evidence first, progressing to the most transient evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best approach when handling physical evidence at a crime scene?

    <p>Bring the container to the evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be established for each item of evidence collected at a crime scene?

    <p>A chain of custody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a key principle that crime scene investigators should consider when conducting a search at a crime or incident scene?

    <p>The size and nature of the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a crime scene investigator when collecting evidence at a crime or incident scene?

    <p>To minimize loss and contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach that crime scene investigators should take when searching a crime or incident scene?

    <p>Approach each scene with an open mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five basic methods universally accepted for crime scene searching?

    <ol> <li>Strip method 2. Spiral method 3. Wheel method 4. Grid method 5. Zone method</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked before examining evidence that involves moving or disturbing it?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances can the police search for evidence in the absence of a search warrant?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a limitation to the process of reconstructing an incident?

    <p>Expertise of the crime scene investigator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of interpretation in the process of reconstructing an incident?

    <p>To define the questions in contention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in determining the acceptance of the results of interpretation?

    <p>Who makes the conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a crime scene investigator do to ensure a reliable report of the observations?

    <p>Rely on the peer-review process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Senior Investigating Officer in assessing expert opinions?

    <p>To determine the worth of expert opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four basic limitations to the process of reconstructing an incident?

    <p>Quantity and quality of information, ability and expertise of the crime scene investigator, extent of interpretation required, time and financial resources available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the results of interpretation in the process of reconstructing an incident?

    <p>The formation of opinions or likely conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors determine the acceptance of the results of interpretation?

    <p>The information the interpretation is based on, the integrity of the physical evidence, who makes the conclusion, and the circumstances of the incident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientific discipline is mainly concerned with the study of bodily or skeletal remains?

    <p>Forensic anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information can be obtained from teeth to determine the approximate age of a victim?

    <p>Approximate age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field uses dental records to help in human identification?

    <p>Forensic odontology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be determined from the cranium and the ossification lines of the cranium?

    <p>Gender and approximate age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be determined from the skeleton and the longer bones of the limbs?

    <p>Approximate height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can preserve bodies by forming a waxy covering through the hydrolysis of body fats?

    <p>Adipocere formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to estimate the time of death by analyzing the types of insects and insect fragments present on a corpse?

    <p>Forensic entomology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the formation of adipocere typically begin?

    <p>Within 6 to 8 weeks after death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can preserve bodies through the hydrolysis of body fats?

    <p>Adipocere formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the waxy covering that forms on bodies through the hydrolysis of body fats called?

    <p>Adipocere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two methods of preserving bodies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mummification and the formation of adipocere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the types of insects and insect fragments present on a corpse be used in forensic analysis?

    <p>They can be used to estimate the time of death by analyzing the insect life cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adipocere and how does it form?

    <p>Adipocere is a waxy covering that forms on bodies as body fats are hydrolyzed, typically beginning to develop in 6 to 8 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization requires that Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) be provided with each chemical substance purchased?

    <p>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of warning for employees when handling hazardous chemical substances?

    <p>Labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is mandated by federal and state regulations to be present on labels of hazardous chemicals?

    <p>Name of the hazardous chemical, appropriate hazard warning(s), and the name and address of the manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ways in which chemical hazard information can be portrayed?

    <p>Picture hazard, symbol hazard, and word hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization strictly regulates chemical waste disposal?

    <p>Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the punishment for inappropriate chemical waste disposal?

    <p>Fines and a possible jail term for the offending employee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to minimize waste in relation to chemical substances?

    <p>Limit the quantities of materials purchased and used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to store chemicals appropriately and segregate chemical groups?

    <p>To reduce the risk of spontaneous reactions and prevent harm to property and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protective measures should be taken to avoid direct contact with potentially infectious materials?

    <p>Wearing gloves, coveralls, and shoe covers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with contaminated sharps when transported or discarded?

    <p>Place them in closable, leak proof, puncture-resistant containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential biological hazard that crime scene investigators may encounter when handling drug paraphernalia?

    <p>Exposure to biological pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protective equipment that should be used when handling human tissues and body fluids at a crime scene?

    <p>Gloves, masks, safety glasses, and face shields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precautions should be taken when handling fingerprint agents in the laboratory?

    <p>Using a ventilated fume hood and wearing a lab coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of having a documented exposure control or emergency action plan?

    <p>To ensure employee compliance with safety procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of training programs for employees in relation to safety procedures?

    <p>Whenever new equipment, materials, or processes are introduced to the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system recognizes 8 different patterns in total?

    <p>The FBI system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the FBI system?

    <p>Primary classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major characteristics of fingerprints?

    <p>Typelines, Deltas, Cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different categories of fingerprint impressions?

    <p>Rolled impressions, Plain impressions, Palm prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the hardest prints to obtain in forensic science?

    <p>Decomposed prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and provides nutrients and blood to the epidermis?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic principles of fingerprints?

    <p>Fingerprints are an individual characteristic, they remain unchanged throughout a person's lifetime, and they have general ridge patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic ridge patterns of fingerprints?

    <p>Loops, whorls, and arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population have the loop characteristic in their fingerprints?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subcutaneous tissue that lies below the dermis?

    <p>Hypodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evidence is more fragile because the print residue usually just lies on the surface?

    <p>Non-porous evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of latent print examiners and technicians when collecting fingerprints?

    <p>To associate latent prints with the person responsible for the criminal act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the raised portions and furrows on the rough-textured skin of the hands and feet called?

    <p>Friction skin ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the visibility of latent prints?

    <p>Physical condition of the person who left the print</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in fingerprint detection at a crime scene?

    <p>Examining all surfaces and objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common color used for processing prints on a white backing card?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of brush is commonly used for applying powder to surfaces?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using magnetic powders for developing latent prints?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for lifting prints from curved or uneven surfaces?

    <p>Rubber lifters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical is commonly used to develop latent prints on porous surfaces?

    <p>Ninhydrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical process is used for developing latent prints on the sticky-side of adhesive tapes and labels?

    <p>Sticky-side Powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical process is used on surfaces that are impractical for dusting with fingerprint powder or may have residue that will damage the dusting brush?

    <p>Iodine fuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical technique is now used on many surfaces previously considered unsuitable for latent fingerprints?

    <p>Super Glue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical dye stain is used for developing latent prints on smooth or rough, nonporous surfaces contaminated with greasy, oily and sticky substances?

    <p>Sudan Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical dye stain is used for developing latent prints on the adhesive side of tape?

    <p>TapeGlo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method should be used to process fingerprint impressions in blood?

    <p>Specialized light techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wavelength is used to visualize and photographically enhance weak fingerprints in blood?

    <p>400nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical can be used to stain fingerprints in blood for photography?

    <p>Amido black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical can be used to process blood prints on porous surfaces like paper?

    <p>DFO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to visualize and photograph stains after treatment with DFO?

    <p>UV illumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can provide information about the composition of individual layers in a paint film that may not be possible to obtain with gross examination?

    <p>Infrared spectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to discriminate between paint films with different pigment and binder composition that are indistinguishable by visual and macroscopical appearance?

    <p>Solvent/microchemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is destructive in nature and should be used only in situations where an adequate questioned sample is available?

    <p>Solvent/microchemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used for the examination of layer structure and the comparison or identification of particles present in a paint film?

    <p>Polarized light microscopy (PLM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to obtain information about binders, pigments, and additives used in various types of coating materials?

    <p>Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and FTIR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is based on light scattering rather than absorption and can provide information complementary to that produced by infrared spectroscopy?

    <p>Raman spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be useful for the analysis of inorganic pigments and additives in coatings?

    <p>Raman spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to analyze individual layers of a multiple-layer coating system that has been cross-sectioned?

    <p>Infrared microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to process fingerprint impressions in blood?

    <p>Ninhydrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to obtain a reflection-absorption spectrum of transferred coating smears on various substrates?

    <p>Infrared microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of color measurement and description is described by ASTM Standard Method D 1535 and Test Method E 308?

    <p>CIE system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can provide objective color data for paint comparison from small samples?

    <p>Microspectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to characterize the morphology and elemental composition of paint samples?

    <p>Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elemental analysis technique can provide elemental data from all layers of a typical multilayer paint fragment simultaneously?

    <p>X-ray fluorescence (XRF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nondestructive technique is used for the identification of the crystal form of pigments and extenders or fillers?

    <p>X-ray diffraction (XRD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques has NOT been successfully used to individualize a hair sample?

    <p>ABO blood grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the presence of Barr bodies in hair cells indicate?

    <p>The gender of the donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining method highlights the Y chromosome of freshly formed cortical cells in the hair root?

    <p>Quinacrine staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hair growth is most commonly associated with recovered hairs?

    <p>Telogen phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is theoretically possible for analyzing hair samples containing root sheaths?

    <p>Enzymatic analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic markers can be helpful in the comparison of hair samples?

    <p>Barr bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used for DNA profiling using hairs in anagen phase?

    <p>DNA profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves staining the cells to determine the presence of Barr bodies?

    <p>Cell staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique has shown promise for individualization but is not yet successful?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is inadequate for individualizing a hair sample?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers usually require fewer scans for color analysis and comparison?

    <p>Synthetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended as a complementary technique for dye analysis when visible spectroscopy is used for color analysis and comparison?

    <p>Thin-layer chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should thin-layer chromatography be considered for fiber comparisons?

    <p>When it's not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can thin-layer chromatography be used to detect and compare?

    <p>Dye components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is recommended for the examination of layer structure and the comparison or identification of particles present in a paint film?

    <p>Thin-layer chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of controlled substances has a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use in the United States?

    <p>Schedule I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of controlled substances has a high potential for abuse that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence and have a currently accepted medical use in the United States?

    <p>Schedule II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of controlled substances has a potential for abuse less than those in Schedules I and II, and have a currently accepted medical use in the United States?

    <p>Schedule III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of controlled substances has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in Schedule III and have a currently accepted medical use in the United States?

    <p>Schedule IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of controlled substances has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in Schedule IV and has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States?

    <p>Schedule V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major drawback of gas chromatography?

    <p>It requires the analyte to be volatilized at an elevated temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely employed detector for drug analysis in gas chromatography?

    <p>Mass spectrometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to overcome the limitations of gas chromatography for analyzing certain compounds?

    <p>Producing a chemical derivative of the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over gas chromatography?

    <p>It can be performed at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most commonly used detector for HPLC?

    <p>Ultraviolet/Visible absorbance spectrophotometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of fluorescence detectors in HPLC?

    <p>They are more sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate analytical technique that provides structural identification without the need for derivatization or volatilization of the sample?

    <p>Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the absorbance and transmittance of light called?

    <p>Spectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of wavelengths utilized in ultraviolet spectrophotometry?

    <p>200 nm to 400 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation relating wavelength, frequency, and the velocity of light in a vacuum?

    <p>λν = c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two techniques are commonly used as confirmatory tests in forensic science chemistry?

    <p>Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of IR spectrophotometry?

    <p>Absorption of infrared light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Fourier transformation in IR spectrophotometry?

    <p>To analyze multiple sampling of spectra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass spectrometry specifically provide in terms of compound identification?

    <p>Structural identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of mass spectrometry when coupled with a gas chromatograph?

    <p>Separation of components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for examining toolmarks?

    <p>Comparison of toolmarks to firearm evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an identification conclusion in toolmark examination signify?

    <p>A match between two toolmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a no identification conclusion in toolmark examination denote?

    <p>A lack of association between two items of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of submitting a Mikrosil cast to the laboratory in toolmark examination?

    <p>To provide additional evidence for identification conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids the examiner in determining how a tool was used in toolmark examination?

    <p>Photographs of the scene showing the toolmark's location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparing toolmarks to firearm evidence in toolmark examination?

    <p>To exclude the possibility of a match between toolmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of laboratory examination of the actual object in toolmark examination?

    <p>To aid the examiner in determining how the tool was used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of obtaining photographs of the scene in toolmark examination?

    <p>To obtain photographs of the scene showing the toolmark's location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusions can be reached in toolmark examination?

    <p>Identification, exclusion, or no conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a no conclusion conclusion in toolmark examination signify?

    <p>Insufficient information for the examiner to form an opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criteria for diagnosing brainstem death?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following observations can be used to diagnose brainstem death without further tests?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes is NOT tested to determine brainstem death?

    <p>Gag reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the concept of death in society?

    <p>Medical advancements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of death from a pragmatic perspective?

    <p>The point when the heart stops beating and breathing ceases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between somatic death and cellular death?

    <p>Somatic death refers to the death of the entity, while cellular death refers to the death of each individual component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the three vital components of the diagnostic triangle?

    <p>History, circumstances, and investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a full postmortem dissection of the body?

    <p>To determine the cause of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information do we possess at the end of an autopsy procedure?

    <p>External examination and macroscopic morphological changes to the organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are NOT tested in the simple bedside procedures mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cranial nerves I, XI, and XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Persistent Vegetative State (PVS), which of the following is true about the patient?

    <p>Higher brain functions are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial part of the debate surrounding the care required to keep a patient in the Persistent Vegetative State (PVS) alive?

    <p>The definition of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD10)?

    <p>To provide mortality and morbidity statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'cause of death' according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to investigate sudden deaths, even if they are determined to be natural causes?

    <p>To eliminate criminality and suspicion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the medicolegal investigation into a death?

    <p>Medical history of the decedent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of death stated in Part I of the death certificate?

    <p>The condition which lead directly to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a comprehensive and thorough medicolegal investigation into a death?

    <p>To contribute towards a better understanding of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be deduced solely from the autopsy?

    <p>The findings of the postmortem examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suicide defined as?

    <p>The intentional act of self-destruction committed by someone knowing what he is doing and knowing the intended consequences of his action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following deaths would NOT typically fall under the category of deaths requiring investigation in the public interest?

    <p>Death from natural causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following deaths would NOT be subject to particular scrutiny when occurring under medical care?

    <p>Deaths from natural causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of forensic doctors in relation to sudden and non-natural deaths in the community?

    <p>Contributing information about deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collating mortality information on a local, national, and international level?

    <p>To inform public health policy and strategic planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the official sources of health-related information?

    <p>Collected by charities and voluntary agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques can be used to reveal alterations in a document?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can infrared and UV photography be useful for in document examination?

    <p>Revealing alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using iodine vapor in document examination?

    <p>To reveal alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining suspected counterfeit currency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques can be used to examine suspected counterfeit currency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of special detection ink used in businesses?

    <p>To determine the authenticity of bills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques can be used to observe indented writing impressions?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can examination of indented writing impressions be valuable evidence for?

    <p>When the original document is unavailable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are document examiners called upon to examine in relation to suspected counterfeit currency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some features of bank notes specifically designed to deter counterfeiting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a main consideration for a fire scene investigator?

    <p>Identifying the starting point of the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the presence of melted glass and buckled metal at a fire scene indicate?

    <p>High temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can intact lead and solder suggest about the source of a fire?

    <p>The temperature did not get particularly high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of accidental fires?

    <p>Arson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to determine whether a door was open or closed at the time of a fire?

    <p>Inspection of the hinges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting material from the seat of the fire for laboratory examination?

    <p>To identify the presence of accelerants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of material is more suitable for laboratory analysis in fire debris cases?

    <p>Absorbent materials like carpet and wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting comparison samples in fire debris analysis?

    <p>To provide a control for laboratory analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of ignitable liquids includes diesel fuel?

    <p>Class 5 Heavy petroleum distillates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique utilizes a charcoal or polymeric matrix to draw air from an evidence container and extract volatiles?

    <p>Dynamic headspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the steam distillation technique for isolating flammable liquids from debris?

    <p>Loss of lighter compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves washing debris with a solvent and evaporating the extract in a stream of warm air?

    <p>Solvent washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was solid-phase microextraction (SPME) first developed?

    <p>1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which detection methods are compatible with solid-phase microextraction (SPME)?

    <p>Both gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component commonly found in safety flares?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between high explosives and low explosives?

    <p>High explosives decompose rapidly and explode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of containment in a bomb?

    <p>To confine the energy of the phase transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two techniques are recommended by ASTM for the analysis of fire debris for flammable residues?

    <p>Gas chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a flame ionization detector (FID) in gas chromatography analysis of ignitable liquids?

    <p>To compare chromatograms of known flammable liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the detector response in gas chromatography analysis with a flame ionization detector (FID) depend on?

    <p>The concentration of the analyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to identify volatile compounds in fire debris samples?

    <p>Gas chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparing chromatographic patterns electronically to a library of chromatograms of known materials?

    <p>To classify the volatile into one of six categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from the absence of aromatic compounds in a mass spectrometry analysis of a fire debris sample?

    <p>The presence of gasoline as a suspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic of high explosives?

    <p>They move at more than 1,000 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic of low explosives?

    <p>They tend to bend or burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an example of a high explosive?

    <p>Trinitrotoluene (TNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an example of a low explosive?

    <p>Black powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a common bursting explosive used in bombs?

    <p>Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is used to initiate the burning of a propellant?

    <p>Primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Test your knowledge of forensic science and its various disciplines with this quiz. From physics to chemistry to biology, see how well you understand the principles and methods used in the analysis and examination of evidence. Challenge yourself and learn more about this fascinating field!

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