Forensic Science Study Guide Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of securing a crime scene?

  • To prevent contamination of evidence (correct)
  • To speed up the investigation process
  • To allow anyone to enter freely
  • To reduce the cost of the investigation

    • Why is understanding the chain of custody important in forensic science?

  • To increase the value of the evidence
  • To simplify the investigation process
  • To speed up evidence processing
  • To ensure evidence integrity and admissibility in court (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of packaging and storing evidence properly?

  • To hide the evidence from suspects
  • To make it easier to transport
  • To preserve its integrity for analysis (correct)
  • To save storage space

    • What are universal precautions in forensic science?

    <p>Standard safety measures to prevent exposure to potential hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is recording the crime scene important in forensic investigations?

    <p>To create a permanent record of the scene before evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first step taken by a first responding officer at a crime scene?

    <p>Secure the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests in forensic analysis?

    <p>Presumptive tests provide a definite identification while confirmatory tests only suggest the presence of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of a forensic analyst's work take place?

    <p>Laboratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In forensic analysis, what does the term 'examination' refer to?

    <p>Initial observation and assessment of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting Microchemical confirmatory tests for blood in a forensic analysis?

    <p>To confirm the presence of blood based on color changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of Short Tandem Repeat Multiplexes in forensic analysis?

    <p>Profiling methods for DNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is commonly used for visualizing latent fingerprints in forensic investigations?

    <p>Powder dusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Testimony Recording Chain of Custody?

    <p>To record the handling and storage of evidentiary items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?

    <p>Sample analysis results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Angle of Impact' is a concept related to which area of bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>Target surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parameters that should be considered when validating a method in forensic analysis?

    <p>Reproducibility and repeatability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of forensic laboratories, what does DQ stand for in the process of equipment and instrumentation management?

    <p>Design Qualification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a final report necessary in forensic analysis?

    <p>To document the entire analysis process and results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of archiving in a forensic laboratory?

    <p>To preserve records and evidence for future reference or legal requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the importance of chain of custody in forensic science.

    <p>Chain of custody is crucial to maintain the integrity and admissibility of evidence by documenting who had possession of the evidence at all times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the significance of packaging and storing evidence properly in forensic investigations.

    <p>Proper packaging and storing of evidence prevent contamination, degradation, or loss of evidence, ensuring its integrity for analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some measures taken with outdoor crime scenes in forensic investigations?

    <p>Measures include protecting the scene from environmental factors, documenting the scene thoroughly, and collecting and packaging evidence with care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the importance of universal precautions in forensic science.

    <p>Universal precautions are necessary to protect forensic professionals from exposure to potential hazards like bloodborne pathogens or chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the role of first responding officers at a crime scene in forensic investigations.

    <p>First responding officers secure the scene, prevent contamination, and document initial observations to guide further investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of markers of death in identifying human remains in forensic science?

    <p>Markers of death, such as rigor mortis or livor mortis, provide valuable information on the time of death, aiding in establishing a timeline for forensic analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of an analytical procedure in method validation?

    <p>The components include specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and uncertainty of measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DQ, IQ, OQ, and PQ stand for in the context of equipment and instrumentation?

    <p>They stand for Design Qualification (DQ), Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key elements included in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?

    <p>The components of an SOP include detailed instructions, safety precautions, quality control measures, and record-keeping procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of Test Article Tracking (Chain of Custody) in forensic analysis?

    <p>Test Article Tracking, also known as Chain of Custody, is crucial for maintaining the integrity and credibility of evidence by documenting its handling from collection to analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a final report necessary in forensic analysis?

    <p>A final report in forensic analysis is required to document the findings, procedures, and results of an examination, providing a comprehensive and formal record of the analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of archiving in a forensic laboratory and why is it done?

    <p>Archiving in a forensic laboratory involves storing and preserving case-related materials, including evidence, reports, and documentation, for future reference or legal purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests in forensic analysis.

    <p>Presumptive tests indicate the possible presence of a substance, while confirmatory tests conclusively identify the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ABO Blood Grouping in forensic analysis?

    <p>ABO Blood Grouping helps in narrowing down potential suspects and victims based on their blood type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between examination and analysis in forensic science.

    <p>Examination is the observation and description of evidence, while analysis involves interpreting and drawing conclusions from the evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of conducting Short Tandem Repeat Multiplexes in forensic analysis?

    <p>Short Tandem Repeat Multiplexes are used for DNA profiling and identifying individuals based on unique genetic markers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the process of drug degradation and why it is important in forensic toxicology.

    <p>Drug degradation refers to the breakdown of substances over time, which can impact the accuracy of toxicology results and interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common preliminary/presumptive tests used in toxicology analysis?

    <p>Marquis test, Scott test, Duquenois-Levine test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) is considered the 'gold standard' in drug confirmation.

    <p>GC/MS provides highly accurate and specific identification of drugs through separation and analysis of compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of DNA extraction in a forensic laboratory.

    <p>DNA extraction involves isolating DNA from a sample using various methods such as organic extraction or chelex extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of blood spatter pattern analysis in forensic science?

    <p>Blood spatter pattern analysis helps in reconstructing events at a crime scene, determining the direction and angle of impact, and identifying the area of origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Forensic Science History

    • Basic important people and general timeframe of discoveries made

    Basic Tenets of Forensic Science

    • Understand basic principles of forensic science
    • Value of evidence and types of evidence
    • Significance of various types of evidence

    Crime Scene Investigation

    • Securing the crime scene
    • Contamination and prevention measures
    • Searching and collecting evidence
    • Preservation, packaging, and storing of evidence
    • Types of searches: primary, secondary, and thorough
    • Recording the scene and scene walkthrough
    • First responding officer's role

    Biological Samples

    • Types of biological samples: blood, semen, saliva, urine, feces, vaginal secretions, and touch DNA
    • Collection, packaging, and storage of each type of sample
    • Importance of proper handling and preservation of biological evidence

    Human Remains and Identification

    • Means of identifying time of death
    • Markers of death: algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis
    • Measures taken for outdoor and indoor scenes, including environmental factors

    Evidence Handling

    • Documentation and reference standards
    • Controls and appropriate packaging of samples
    • Crime scene safety: routes of exposure, universal precautions, and personal protective equipment

    Laboratory Analysis

    • Examination procedure followed by forensic biologists
    • Process of sample analysis from collection to storage
    • Difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests
    • Examples of each type of test

    Serology

    • ABO blood grouping and secretor status
    • Blood enzymes and proteins: tissue distribution and storage
    • Blood spatter and hemodynamics
    • Clot formation and bruising
    • Bloodstain pattern analysis: physics, target surface, directionality, area of origin, and angle of impact

    DNA Structure

    • Profiling methods: Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Multiplexes
    • Extraction methods: organic, chelex, and differential
    • Quantitation and amplification (PCR)
    • Steps involved in DNA analysis

    Fingerprints

    • Definitions and patterns
    • Skin structure and sub-patterns
    • Latent prints, visualization, and recovery methods
    • Powders and other visualization methods

    Trace Evidence

    • Significance and use of glass, hair, fiber, and paint evidence
    • Fracture patterns, measurements, and layering
    • Means of examination and analysis

    Firearms and Toolmarks

    • Definitions and terminology
    • Means of comparison, Gunshot Residue (GSR), and analysis
    • Test firing and distance determination

    Fires and Explosive Examination

    • Definitions and terminology
    • Importance of understanding fires and explosions in forensic science

    Illicit Drugs

    • Controlled Substances Act and schedules
    • Common illicit drugs: cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, marijuana, hallucinogens, LSD, and psilocybin
    • Identification and analysis of unknown drug samples
    • Contamination issues and significance of drug evidence

    Forensic Toxicology

    • Drug analysis: processing unknown samples from intake to final confirmatory analysis
    • Drug degradation: causes, importance, and effects
    • Preliminary/presumptive tests: definition, examples, and principles
    • Examination processes: Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and more

    Testimony and Recording

    • Chain of custody: importance, process, and documentation
    • Pretrial preparation, cross-examination, and direct examination
    • Jury impact: credibility, education, and experience
    • Error recovery: handling mistakes on the stand
    • Deposition: definition, purpose, and process
    • Public speaking techniques: presentation, dress, and manner

    QAQC

    • Key elements: personnel/training, facilities, files, equipment, and instrumentation
    • Test Article Tracking (Chain of custody)
    • Standard Operating Procedures: components and importance
    • Method validation: components, parameters, and importance
    • Final report and archiving: components, importance, and process
    • Inspections and compliance: accreditations and audits

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    Test your knowledge on the history of forensic science, basic principles, types of evidence, crime scene investigation techniques, evidence collection, preservation, and scene recording.

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