Forensic Science: Impression Evidence Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What 1929 event involved the execution of 7 gang members?

  • The Wall Street Crash
  • The Great Train Robbery
  • St. Valentine's Day Massacre (correct)
  • The Chicago Fire

    • Which type of impression evidence was pivotal in Ted Bundy's conviction?

  • Fingerprints
  • Bite marks (correct)
  • Tire marks
  • Tool marks

    • What unique evidence led to questioning Russell Williams in 2010?

  • Footprints
  • Handprints
  • Fingerprints
  • Tire tracks (correct)

    • Which characteristic is described as not unique to one source?

    <p>Class characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impression evidence includes patterns made by shoes?

    <p>Footprints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mark is not considered impression evidence?

    <p>Written documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that distinguishes individual characteristics from class characteristics?

    <p>Identification with a single source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which incident involved Fred 'Killer' Burke in relation to impression evidence?

    <p>Drunk driving incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of fingerprints?

    <p>No two fingers have identical ridge characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used for collecting bite mark evidence?

    <p>3D scanning technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evidence can footwear impressions help to determine?

    <p>Type of shoe size and weight displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of tool marks in forensic evidence?

    <p>They can be matched to imperfect features of the tool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key concern regarding the reliability of bite mark evidence?

    <p>Bite mark patterns typically only represent anterior teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a collection method for 2D evidence?

    <p>Powder or dust lift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'lands and grooves' relate to in forensic analysis?

    <p>The distinctive features of bullets and casings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implication of the NIST 2023 findings about bite mark evidence?

    <p>Unique patterns found in bitemarks are not supported by data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two processes were involved in ancient Egyptian law to address legal matters?

    <p>Consultation with oracles and the number of reliable witnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ancient Jewish law, which of the following was not permitted?

    <p>Use of confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant feature of Roman law regarding witnesses?

    <p>Competence to testify was tied to one's wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Song Tz'u's 'Washing Away of Wrongs' regulate in the 13th century?

    <p>Autopsies to determine cause of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodology was established by Bertilion in 1879?

    <p>A systematic procedure for body measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contribution to forensic science is attributed to Orfila in the 18th century?

    <p>Authored a textbook on poisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle was improved by Orfila in his work on arsenic testing?

    <p>March test for arsenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of evidence was emphasized in medieval European law during jury formation?

    <p>Weighing schemes or summation of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advancement in forensic science did Edward Henry contribute in 1901?

    <p>Developed a fingerprint classification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the philosophy of Lacassagne regarding the relationship between law and science?

    <p>Collaboration between legal and scientific experts is essential in investigations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the first police forensic laboratory established by Edmond Locard?

    <p>1910</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is associated with the event of the Mona Lisa being stolen in 1911?

    <p>Lacassagne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is associated with Edmond Locard's famous quote, 'every contact leaves a trace'?

    <p>The inevitability of leaving behind evidence during interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which science did Hans Gross, who published 'Criminal Investigations' in 1893, advocate for use in legal settings?

    <p>Forensic Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discipline was NOT mentioned in connection with Lacassagne's work?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of the publication 'Precis de medicine Judeciaire' by Lacassagne?

    <p>Addressing legal and scientific collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant conclusion can be drawn from the evidence found on the fibres related to David Watkins?

    <p>David Watkins's clothing was in recent contact with Andrew Everson's car.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrumental method is identified as a standard for examining fibre evidence?

    <p>Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical issue mentioned regarding fibre collection methods?

    <p>Lack of training standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the penetrative force of a sharp object on fabric mentioned in the study?

    <p>Tensile strength of the fabrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves comparing visible colors from different fibre samples?

    <p>Microspectrophotometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PCAST report emphasize regarding forensic methods?

    <p>Importance of clarity and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopy is specifically mentioned for examining fibre morphology?

    <p>Confocal Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is indicated as having a higher penetrative force in the textile damage study?

    <p>The tip angle of the sharp object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines natural fibres?

    <p>Fibres derived entirely from animal or plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Interpol after its reestablishment in 1946?

    <p>To assist police authorities and establish crime prevention institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vehicular murder case, what type of evidence was found on the vehicle?

    <p>Small fragment of grey fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many fibres were found on the clothing of David Watkins in his murder case?

    <p>39 fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits manufactured fibres?

    <p>Fibres that are derived from natural or synthetic polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'associative traces' in forensic evidence?

    <p>To link evidence to potential suspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'excoriations' refer to in the context of an autopsy?

    <p>Skin abrasions consistent with injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the fragment of grey fibres play in the vehicular murder case?

    <p>It was critical in distinguishing the nature of the accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly improves stab resistance in HMWPE garments according to their thickness?

    <p>The angle at which the fabric is stabbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibre is identified as the most sheddable after stabbing incidents?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does weathering affect the ability to discriminate between different types of acrylic fibres?

    <p>It complicates their classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is associated with the impact of oil-and-water-repellent fabrics?

    <p>Exposure and laundering affected their detectability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fibre databases play in forensic research?

    <p>They compile information on fibre types and their distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding of Mujumdar et al. regarding the weathering of fibres?

    <p>Weathering conditions in different climates show variable impacts on fibres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of decomposition fluids on cotton textiles during the study conducted with buried pig carcasses?

    <p>They preserved cotton textiles more effectively over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method suggested by Skokan et al. for studying fibre transfer mechanisms?

    <p>Examining fibre type, morphology, and size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Interpol?

    <p>Assist in the communication between police authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibres are derived from synthetic polymers?

    <p>Rayon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'interrogatable traces' refer to in forensic evidence?

    <p>Traces that provide physical details of an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence contributed to distinguishing between a pedestrian injury and a car accident in the vehicular murder case?

    <p>Small textile fibres on the front lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of David Watkins, how many fibres were found on his clothing?

    <p>39 fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of natural fibres?

    <p>Completely derived from animal or plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes fibres that allow for source attribution in forensic investigations?

    <p>Associaitive traces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which findings were consistent with the autopsy report in the vehicular murder case?

    <p>Injuries were compatible with a traffic accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the conclusion that David Watkins had been in Andrew Everson's car?

    <p>Fibres found on David Watkins' clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is part of instrumental analyses for fibre examination?

    <p>Gas chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PCAST report indicate about forensic methods?

    <p>Cognitive bias can impact outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with higher penetrative force when testing fabric damage?

    <p>Angle of the sharp object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using automated fibre search in forensic analysis?

    <p>Identifying fibre populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique is specifically used to examine the morphology of fibres?

    <p>Confocal microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary issues noted regarding fibre collection methods?

    <p>Inconsistent training and standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the colour comparison in microspectrophotometry have?

    <p>Determining sample identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has the most significant impact on the stab resistance of HMWPE garments?

    <p>Thickness of the fabric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of using rounded tipped knives on fabrics?

    <p>Reduced risk of knife damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of environmental condition has been shown to affect fibre degradation significantly over time?

    <p>Weathering conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes cotton the most sheddable fibre type during stabbing incidents?

    <p>Short and non-elastic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was utilized to analyze oil-and-water-repellent fabrics after outdoor exposure?

    <p>Gas Chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do metal threads play in textile damage resistance?

    <p>They contribute to higher resistance against stabbing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cotton degradation was highlighted by Ueland et al. in their study?

    <p>Cotton disintegrates after prolonged exposure to certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common observation about the color of cotton fibres in population studies?

    <p>White, black, and blue are the most common colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for identifying paint evidence?

    <p>Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tape lifting for trace evidence, which types of materials can be collected?

    <p>Microplastics and cellular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following analysis techniques provides information about glass morphology?

    <p>Fractography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does heating glass to 450-650 degrees have?

    <p>Affects its refractive index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glass is specifically mentioned as being detected by LIBS and Raman methods?

    <p>Leaded glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration when analyzing bullet holes in glass?

    <p>Distance and firing angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a potential issue in the chemical analysis of tape evidence?

    <p>Chemical reaction with the tape material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of glass is studied through stress intensity factors (SIF)?

    <p>Stress distribution in glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fingerprint is obtained by the transfer of body perspiration or oils to a surface?

    <p>Latent fingerprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fingerprint type is characterized by ridge impressions left in materials such as wax or dust?

    <p>Plastic fingerprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required number of concordant minutiae to fail to exclude a suspect in friction ridge analysis?

    <p>No specific requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which collection method is typically used for visible fingerprints?

    <p>Photograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fingerprint pattern has no deltas?

    <p>Arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the unique characteristics of fingerprints?

    <p>Fingerprints can be classified based on ridge patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the permanence of fingerprints imply?

    <p>They remain unchanged throughout an individual's lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which case exemplified issues related to fingerprint misidentification?

    <p>Shirley McKie's wrongful arrest in a murder investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from fingerprint analysis misidentification?

    <p>Career repercussions for forensic experts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the components of fingerprints?

    <p>Ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'adermatoglyphia' refer to in the context of fingerprints?

    <p>A condition causing absent fingerprints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the primary principle about the uniqueness of fingerprints?

    <p>No two fingerprints have entirely identical ridge characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fingerprint ridge patterns classified?

    <p>Through systematic classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Information System (IAFIS)?

    <p>To obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fingerprint recognition is achieved through Convolutional Neural Networks in AFIS systems?

    <p>83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method to collect fingerprint data that avoids the degradation of the system?

    <p>Touchless systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct values are identified when assessing clarity and quality in fingerprints?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Eldridge et al., what percentage of decisions resulted in false exclusion?

    <p>9.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the LQMetric algorithm measure in fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Ridge density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a challenge in infant fingerprint imaging?

    <p>Overlapping impressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended number of matching minutiae for identification purposes according to standard practices?

    <p>10-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the recommendations made by Swofford regarding fingerprint identification?

    <p>Minimum requirements for education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a challenge in fingerprint identification by Koehler?

    <p>Inaccessibility of database resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Neumann, what is necessary to improve comparative examinations in fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Standardized procedures across disciplines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of fingerprint composition as indicated in the content?

    <p>To identify ageing markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted effect of aging on fingerprints as per Czech et al.?

    <p>Ridge width deteriorates over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about probabilistic reporting in fingerprint identification is correct?

    <p>It requires extensive training for practitioners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs within the first 8 hours of fingerprint deposition, as noted by Boseley et al.?

    <p>Molecular modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Swofford imply regarding the implications of a shift to probabilistic statements?

    <p>It could render fingerprint evidence superfluous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be indicated by the presence of nicotine in donor profiling?

    <p>Behavior prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate did researchers explore for fingerprint detection using black powder?

    <p>Quail eggshells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the success rate of recovering fingerprints from fired cartridge casings based on the Colorado Bureau of Investigation data?

    <p>0.38%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was reported to influence the success of identifying aged documents in fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Age of the document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was compared to conventional CA cabinets in the LumiFume study?

    <p>Cyanoacrylate fuming method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of fingerprint photography, what type of surfaces were specifically studied for recording fingerprints?

    <p>Curved surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major limitation identified in microbial profiling related to fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Limited results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following other prints had limited research attention in forensic studies?

    <p>Lip-prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the success rate of identifying friction ridge details from cartridge casings reported in RCMP case studies?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study of ear prints contribute to in forensic investigations?

    <p>CCTV footage analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fingerprint recognition accuracy is reported for convolutional neural networks?

    <p>83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Information System (IAFIS)?

    <p>To use digital imaging for biometric identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an unusual challenge in infant fingerprint imaging?

    <p>Overlapping impressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many matching minutiae are generally considered required for fingerprint identification?

    <p>10-12 minutiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What algorithm is used as an automated tool to measure the clarity of fingerprints?

    <p>LQMetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What false identification rate was observed in the study involving examiners analyzing more than 12,000 decisions?

    <p>0.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used for improving the degradation of fingerprint systems?

    <p>Touchless systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is suggested for addressing examiner disagreements in fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Adopting a seven-level comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when relying on fingerprint examination according to the discussions about validity?

    <p>No standards for minimum education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of adopting probabilistic statements in fingerprint evidence?

    <p>Makes fingerprint evidence potentially irrelevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a main focus for improving fingerprint identification practices?

    <p>Educate practitioners on probabilistic reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the issues highlighted in the commentary by Neumann regarding fingerprint examination?

    <p>Variability exists in policies and procedures among practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of fingermark chemistry in forensic investigations?

    <p>To identify aging markers in fingermarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecular change occurs within the first 8 hours as mentioned in the findings?

    <p>Loss of water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is presented by differences between examiners in forensic fingerprinting?

    <p>Risk of differing conclusions based on interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a suggestion made to improve the fingerprint identification process?

    <p>Develop comprehensive models for all practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage is a predictor of behavior when nicotine is present in donor profiling?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves using nanoparticles in solution for fingerprint visualization?

    <p>Powder dusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of casing had a recovery rate of just 0.38% associated with firearms?

    <p>Fired cartridge casings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fingerprint photography, which method was used to capture fingerprints on curved surfaces?

    <p>LED equipped lens barrels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Bouzin et al. reveal about the success rate of categorizing old documents?

    <p>Decreases over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method has shown to help with identification using ear prints and deep learning techniques?

    <p>Ear biometrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly affected the success rate of fingerprint recovery on cartridge casings in case reports?

    <p>Type of firearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research on lip prints suggest about their uniqueness?

    <p>Lacks sufficient research support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one factor that affected the success of fingerprint detection on older documents?

    <p>Temperature and humidity cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding carbon fuming methods used for fingerprints?

    <p>Must be investigated further for reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the success of measuring time since fire?

    <p>Measurement taken immediately and at high temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of ammo boxes yielded DNA profiles according to Malanio et al.?

    <p>93%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item was identified as the worst for identification in Prasad et al.'s research?

    <p>Cartridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome observed regarding ridge detail in Girelli & Segatto's study on fired cartridges?

    <p>Only a small percentage of impressions were sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor did Kerkhoff et al. find did not correlate in their study on wood surfaces?

    <p>Wood density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the metallic composition of a firing pin impression have?

    <p>It affects the areal topography of the impression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which firing mode do the depth and diameter of impressions increase after each shot?

    <p>Burst mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the false positive rate found in visual comparison microscopy according to the study?

    <p>0.43%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves analyzing small squares and distances for matching impressions?

    <p>Congruent Matching Cells (CMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study by Riva et al. demonstrate regarding brand influence on ballistic measurements?

    <p>Brand affects same-source vs different source attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did examiner judgments for breechface and firing pin impressions compare to computer-based methods?

    <p>Examiners were less reliable overall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed regarding the reliability of micro-CT compared to traditional methods?

    <p>Micro-CT provides reliable surface topography measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic did Swanepoel identify regarding magazine marks?

    <p>They contain both class and individual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rifling in a gun barrel?

    <p>To promote spin and consistency of the projectile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes individual characteristics in firearm identification?

    <p>Striations impressed during the rifling process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) primarily used for?

    <p>Identifying firearms used in crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the degree of similarity in bullets after extensive test firings?

    <p>It decreases but still allows for correct ranking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the identification of firearms when using methanol-based dyes?

    <p>The reaction of the dye with the metal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the caliber of a firearm relate to its design?

    <p>It measures the diameter of the bore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary challenges faced by firearm examiners according to validation studies?

    <p>In ensuring the validity and reliability of source judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of firearm is characterized by a smooth barrel and uses shells?

    <p>Shotguns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cartridge identification provides information on whether a bullet was fired from a specific weapon?

    <p>Firing pin impressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major conclusion can be drawn from the uniqueness of striations in bullet examination?

    <p>Striations are individual characteristics unique to each weapon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding regarding unfired cartridges in ammunition DNA reports?

    <p>Unfired cartridges can yield successful DNA extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was concluded from Johnson's study on print impressions on cartridges?

    <p>Natural handling resulted in fewer identifications than deliberate placement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research found that specific components of cartridges are the most challenging for identification?

    <p>Prasad et al. – 17 parts and cartridge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Liscio et al.'s shooting reconstruction study, what material was primarily tested?

    <p>Sheet steel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main observation regarding ridge detail in Girelli & Segatto's study on fired cartridges?

    <p>Only a small number of ridge details were sufficient for identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the firing pin impression metallic composition affect its impressions?

    <p>It influences the areal topography of the impression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in firing pin impressions when firing in burst mode compared to single shot mode?

    <p>Both depth and diameter increase with successive shots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method showed a false positive rate of 0.43% when assessing examiner proficiency?

    <p>Visual Comparison Microscopy (VCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable finding about the computer-based methods compared to examiner judgments?

    <p>Computer methods are more reliable in matching same-source attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the brand used have on firearm examination results?

    <p>It impacts same-source versus different source attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves examining striation patterns in segments?

    <p>Congruent Matching Profile Segments (CMPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impressions can unique magazine marks reveal?

    <p>Both class and individual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Kokin provide regarding historical forensic examination?

    <p>Identification of bullets from more than 70 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of firearms identification?

    <p>To ascertain if a bullet or cartridge was fired by a specific weapon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a long gun?

    <p>Shotgun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process creates unique striations on bullets fired from firearms?

    <p>Rifling of the gun barrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed to decrease in similarity after extensive use of a firearm, according to durability tests?

    <p>Degree of bullet similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the diameter of the bore of a firearm?

    <p>Caliber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of firearms are characterized by a smooth bore?

    <p>Shotguns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily affected by the rifling process in firearms?

    <p>Consistency and spin of the projectile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage range indicates the chance of a successful match in firearms identification through the NIBIN system?

    <p>75% - 95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is vital for beginning the individualization process during firearm identification?

    <p>Class characteristics comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skeletal feature is typically examined to estimate age in late adults?

    <p>Pelvis and ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for stature estimation from skeletal remains?

    <p>Metric analysis of bone length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of traits is primarily assessed to determine population affinity?

    <p>Phenotypic and morphoscopic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the examination of sexual dimorphisms in ancient ancestors from modern homo sapiens?

    <p>Ancestors show more dramatic phenotypic differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is important to consider when using regression methods for stature estimation?

    <p>Regression methods are specific to bone types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'trauma' specifically refer to in forensic examination?

    <p>Physical disruption of living tissue by outside forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of deformation occurs when a bone is subjected to stress but does not return to its original shape?

    <p>Plastic deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor distinguishes antemortem trauma from postmortem trauma?

    <p>The timing of the injury relative to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case study surrounding Robert Pickton, what significant detail marked the investigation?

    <p>There were numerous remains that were difficult to process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor that led to Adam Strong's conviction?

    <p>Discovery of a flesh-like substance linked to him</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of forensic anthropology?

    <p>The application of anthropological methods to legal matters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key principle does the Frye rule advocate for in the context of forensic evidence?

    <p>Methods must have general acceptance in the scientific community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the father of forensic anthropology?

    <p>Thomas Dwight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is NOT part of the ethical guidelines in forensic anthropology?

    <p>Prioritizing personal opinions over scientific methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'skeletal collections' refer to in forensic anthropology?

    <p>Samples of human bones used for study and comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did WWII and the Korean Wars influence forensic anthropology?

    <p>They led to the establishment of major forensic societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which report emphasizes standards for scientific methods in forensic analysis?

    <p>PCAST report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component of maintaining the integrity of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology?

    <p>Chain of custody procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method emphasizes the use of logical reasoning in acquiring knowledge?

    <p>Rational method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between knowledge and information in the context of forensic science?

    <p>Knowledge includes skills and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first guideline in Evidence Based Practice for forensic science?

    <p>Formulate answerable questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a common issue in forensic testimony as highlighted by Mnookin?

    <p>Forensic experts sometimes overstate their knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reasoning process is unique to the scientific method compared to other methods of inquiry?

    <p>Applying deductive reasoning and falsification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key finding regarding the autopsy examinations by Charles Smith?

    <p>Approximately half of the examined cases had problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reasoning involves forming a theory based on specific observations?

    <p>Induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Goudge Report emphasize for improving forensic practices in Canada?

    <p>Ensure transparency and reviewability of forensic evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures a core principle of the scientific method in forensic science?

    <p>Hypotheses must be tested through observation and results must be falsifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recommendation from the Goudge Report focuses on the analysis approach in forensic investigations?

    <p>Emphasize evidence-based rather than experience-based analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of insect development between larval and adult forms?

    <p>Pupae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change occurs when the body temperature decreases after death?

    <p>Algor Mortis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'necrophage'?

    <p>An organism that feeds on dead or decaying animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environmental sequence is referred to as 'succession' in entomology?

    <p>Ecological sequence of species colonizing a decomposing body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories of insects does NOT include species that are primarily involved in feeding on carrion?

    <p>Omnivorous species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the postmortem interval (PMI)?

    <p>Estimating the duration from death to discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence the rates of development in insect species found on a corpse?

    <p>Species type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does thermal summation (ADD/ADH) primarily involve?

    <p>Temperature multiplied by development time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA analysis preferred for identifying species in forensic entomology?

    <p>It allows for accurate differentiation among larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the analysis of larvae in entomotoxicology reveal?

    <p>Potential cause of death through toxin detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which confound can affect the accuracy of thermal summation estimations?

    <p>Maggot mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is necessary to make accurate assumptions about postmortem interval?

    <p>Temperature data prior to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the effect of drugs on larval development according to studies?

    <p>Certain drugs can hasten larval development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could lead to an underestimation of the post-mortem interval (PMI) by up to 24 hours?

    <p>Morphine presence in the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the complexity of decomposing bodies in different environments?

    <p>Soil composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key element influenced the opinion of the attending pathologist regarding the timing of Lynne Harper's death?

    <p>Injuries found on the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedural issue contributed to the miscarriage of justice in Steven Truscott's case?

    <p>Inadequate cross-examination of witnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the outcome of the 2007 review of Steven Truscott's conviction?

    <p>Conviction was deemed a miscarriage of justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the expert testimony affected the reliability of the evidence presented in Truscott's trial?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main reasons for the delay in recognizing the need to revisit the evidence in Truscott's case?

    <p>Resistance from the prosecution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significantly questioned regarding the expert evidence presented during Truscott's trial?

    <p>The impartiality of the experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the suspension of growth and development in insects, which may occur in response to environmental conditions?

    <p>Diapause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of insects is specifically characterized as feeders on dead and decaying animals?

    <p>Necrophageous species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the body where skin color reddens after death?

    <p>Cadaveric Lividity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical figure is known for his work related to a murder case in the 13th century that laid foundations for forensic entomology?

    <p>Song Ci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage occurs in the life cycle of insects between the larval and adult stages?

    <p>Pupae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the oviposition of blowflies on decomposing corpses?

    <p>Odor produced during decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PMI stand for in forensic investigations?

    <p>Postmortem interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to calculate thermal summation in the developmental stages of insect species?

    <p>Accumulated degree days (ADD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA is commonly used to identify insect species in forensic entomology?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomena may complicate the accuracy of estimating time of death using insect development?

    <p>Maggot mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In entomotoxicology, the analysis of larvae can reveal what type of information?

    <p>Presence of toxins or drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases where drugs are found in insect larvae, what aspect of the case could this information potentially influence?

    <p>Cause of death assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant assumption made when using thermal summation for estimating the postmortem interval?

    <p>Temperature information is accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated post-mortem interval (PMI) suggested by Gunatilake and Goff for a case involving malathion?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is mentioned as impacting decomposition in forensic entomology?

    <p>Oviposition timing during the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did the OCA reach regarding Steven Truscott's conviction in 2007?

    <p>There was a lack of impartiality in evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific evidence did Dr. Penistan provide about the timing of death in the Steven Truscott case?

    <p>Death estimated between 7 and 7:45 PM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the expert testimony was called into question in the case of Steven Truscott?

    <p>The timeframe of death based on stomach content analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key finding did the OCA allow regarding Dr. Penistan's documentation?

    <p>Findings were inconsistent with the time of death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does temperature have within the context of forensic entomology, as indicated by ongoing research?

    <p>It informs the rate of insect colonization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 1966 publication regarding Steven Truscott's case primarily challenge?

    <p>The timeline established by the pathologist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of confirmatory testing in forensic biology?

    <p>To identify specific biological material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is specifically utilized for detecting Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) in semen?

    <p>Antibody-antigen sandwich test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process?

    <p>Isolate specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) in DNA typing?

    <p>They consist of 3 to 7 bases repeated at specific loci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What DNA evidence was found outside O.J. Simpson's residence?

    <p>Blood stains from Nicole and Ron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was invented by Kary Mullis in 1983?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of DNA is primarily responsible for heredity?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was CODIS updated to enhance its capabilities?

    <p>2018</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Alec Jeffreys's work in 1984?

    <p>He created the concept of DNA fingerprinting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bodily fluids are commonly analyzed for DNA evidence at a crime scene?

    <p>Blood, saliva, and semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?

    <p>To separate DNA based on size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker is used to identify male contributors in complex DNA mixtures?

    <p>Y-STR markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) between the 1990s and 2018?

    <p>Increase in number of loci analyzed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is mitochondrial DNA particularly useful in forensic analysis?

    <p>It can be used when no nuclear DNA is available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does identity-by-descent (IBD) refer to in genetic genealogy?

    <p>Shared DNA from common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did DNA evidence lead to the conviction of a suspect in the East Area Rapist case?

    <p>2018</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concern regarding the use of genealogical databases for solving crimes?

    <p>Privacy issues related to data sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wildlife crime does DNA profiling help to investigate?

    <p>Poaching and habitat destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of blood plasma?

    <p>Serve as a medium for transporting cells and substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood components are primarily responsible for the immune response?

    <p>Antibodies in serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kastle-Meyer color test?

    <p>Detects hemoglobin through a color reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor replaced traditional blood typing methods in the 1990s?

    <p>DNA profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does agglutination have on red blood cells?

    <p>It causes clumping together of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bloodstain pattern is created by the movement of an object through a preexisting wet bloodstain?

    <p>Wipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an altered stain in bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>It has signs of physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an expiration pattern in bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>It results from blood forced by airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patterns results from drops released from a moving object?

    <p>Cast-off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the area of convergence in bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>The intersection of lines drawn through individual stains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patterns describes liquid blood accumulating on a surface?

    <p>Pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of evidence does a directional angle provide in bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>The trajectory of individual blood drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern is formed by blood that drips from a higher point into another liquid?

    <p>Drip Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of Napoleon's death as agreed upon by pathologists in 2021?

    <p>Stomach cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about the hair collected years after Napoleon's death?

    <p>It demonstrated high levels of arsenic indicating long-term exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs were administered to Michael Jackson around the time of his death?

    <p>Midazolam and propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue did the Innocence Project highlight in R v.Fournel (2014)?

    <p>Flawed fire investigation and prosecution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was found in the urine of the DIL in R v.Fournel?

    <p>Diphenhydramine and benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the errors identified in the trial of R v.Fournel?

    <p>Ignoring expert witness opinions on fire behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Diphenhydramine commonly found in?

    <p>Sleep aids like Nytol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did the Office of the Fire Marshall fail to recognize in R v.Fournel?

    <p>The fire had been intentionally set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary bodily fluid tested for alcohol in forensic toxicology?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes how long substances typically remain detectable in urine compared to blood?

    <p>Substances remain detectable in urine for a longer time than in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the metabolic process of elimination related to alcohol?

    <p>It transforms alcohol into acetaldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxicological technique requires the sample to become volatile before analysis?

    <p>Gas Chromatography (GC-MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon monoxide primarily tested in forensic contexts?

    <p>Through a Spep/GC method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the absorption rate of substances into the bloodstream?

    <p>Type of ingestion method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of validating roadside breath tests using blood tests?

    <p>To confirm the accuracy of breath test results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heavy metal is NOT a common source tested for in forensic toxicology?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered the best tool for blind quality control in forensics?

    <p>Blind quality control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of samples is used for surveillance in the workplace?

    <p>Urine, hair, and oral fluid samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of toxicological interpretation?

    <p>To classify designer drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is classified under New Psychoactive Substances?

    <p>Synthetic cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of driving under the influence research, which type of blood is compared with breath alcohol concentration?

    <p>Venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically used for the detection of cocaine in banknotes?

    <p>Ion Mobility Spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What detection method is notably utilized for analysis of LSD analogues?

    <p>Blotter papers method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs has a specific electrochemical detection method described for field use?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used for the simultaneous detection of phenacetin and paracetamol in spiked beverages?

    <p>Immunochromatographic test strip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis was conducted on 2118 cocaine samples seized in Colombia?

    <p>Statistical analysis of cutting agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which detection method is highlighted for the assessment of methamphetamine contamination on surfaces?

    <p>Electrochemical detection technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spectroscopic technique was mentioned as a comparison study for detecting cocaine?

    <p>NIR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical profiling method is used for MDMA detection in seized samples?

    <p>Gas chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of research concerning wild mushrooms native to North America?

    <p>Medicinal properties and bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unique method developed for detecting MDMA in latent fingerprints?

    <p>Surface plasmon resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an accelerant typically used for in fire investigations?

    <p>To intentionally ignite a fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be defined as the lowest temperature at which a substance's vapors ignite?

    <p>Flash point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes what constitutes arson as defined in the provided laws?

    <p>Intentionally causing damage by fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fire investigations, what does the term 'elution' refer to?

    <p>Removing an adsorbed substance by a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classified as an 'ignitable liquid'?

    <p>Any liquid capable of fueling a fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'combustion' specifically refer to?

    <p>The rapid combination of oxygen and another substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of legal definitions, which of the following is a consequence of committing arson that involves inhabited properties?

    <p>Life imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an incendiary from other substances?

    <p>It produces intense heat when it ignites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of pyrolysis in fire investigations?

    <p>Decomposition of organic materials through heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in fire investigations in the 2000s?

    <p>Shift to chemical analysis for evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge when collecting accelerant residues from a fire scene?

    <p>Residues can absorb into various surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly affects the persistence of ignitable liquids on materials according to Dhabbah's study?

    <p>The material composition of the fabric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2021, which method was noted to have limitations in data interpretation for fire investigations?

    <p>GC-MS used in the field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques was highlighted for successfully capturing bloodstain patterns in fire investigations?

    <p>Reflective infrared photography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 2017 AAAS report conclude about the methods used in fire investigations?

    <p>They are sufficiently developed and should be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies indicated that trace amounts of ignitable liquids can be removed by laundry detergents?

    <p>Whitney 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evidence was crucial in the conviction of both Christopher Pullman and Adnan Syed?

    <p>Cellphone evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In digital forensics, which of the following is NOT included in the analysis of digital media?

    <p>Physical evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that led to the arrest of the BTK Killer in 2005?

    <p>Metadata from a floppy disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did the Computer Analysis and Response Team (FBI) get established?

    <p>1984</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology advancement was first introduced in 1979?

    <p>Portable Cellphones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crimes are associated with the term 'payment diversion fraud'?

    <p>Financial fraud activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about blockchain technology is true?

    <p>It ensures transactions are unchangeable after being recorded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'threat vectors' refer to in the context of digital forensics?

    <p>Methods used to access sensitive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines evidential facts in the context of legal investigations?

    <p>They lead to constitutive facts through inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do investigators initially establish the relevance of evidence in a legal case?

    <p>By creating a hypothesis based on observable facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of significance testing in evidence evaluation?

    <p>It can indicate differences without asserting meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do courts have in the relevance of evidence presented by investigators?

    <p>They must agree with the relevance established by investigators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be considered when calculating probabilities in evidence evaluation?

    <p>The correct application of statistical formulas and significant data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of finding a tattoo on the left hand in a total population of 100,000?

    <p>0.001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it imply if the probability of seeing evidence if the suspect is the offender is 1?

    <p>The suspect fits the offender's description exactly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the proximity of observations not sufficient to confirm identity between objects?

    <p>Because objects can appear similar without being identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when connecting evidence to conclusions?

    <p>Common sense regarding the relevance of the evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of comparing means of samples to population means in evidence evaluation?

    <p>It determines the statistical relevance of the evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much greater is the probability of evidence when the suspect's characteristic matches that of the offender?

    <p>1000 times greater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if evidentiary values are determined to be the same, such as 1/1000?

    <p>More specific evidence is necessary for adequate evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'significance testing' refer to in the context of forensic evidence evaluation?

    <p>Comparing means to determine statistical relevance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'does not exclude' imply in evidence evaluation?

    <p>It indicates a lack of negative support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evidence can directly indicate that a suspect is guilty?

    <p>Presence of a unique tattoo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with evaluating the value of evidence based on population size?

    <p>Evidence value becomes weaker with larger populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an expert witness present evidence in a case?

    <p>By placing evidence in context using their experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering apologizing to a suspect, which statement holds true in forensic evidence evaluation?

    <p>Characteristics must be evaluated within the context of the total population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'consistent with' imply regarding evidence understood by scientists?

    <p>Evidence provides unquantified positive evidential value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical assumption in evaluating evidence against a population?

    <p>Every person in the population is equally likely to be the offender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main flaw identified in using characteristics for evidence evaluation?

    <p>Shared characteristics are assumed to yield equal probability of guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Impression Evidence

    • Forensic science lecture on impression evidence, September 13th.
    • Course code: FRSC2030H, Foundations in Forensic Science.
    • Course update: Lab 01 commenced, readings posted, and teaching assistant (TA) contact information provided.

    St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1929)

    • Occurred during Prohibition.
    • Seven gang members executed.
    • Ballistic evidence examined, linking weapons to the crime, via bullet striation analysis. This helped establish a link between firearms and the crime scene.
    • Likely a gangland-related incident stemming from mob rivalry.
    • Involved Fred "Killer" Burke and a drunk driving incident leading to a police officer's death.
    • Subsequent home raid.

    Ted Bundy (1970s)

    • Crimes included aggravated kidnapping, attempted murder, burglary, and murder.
    • Bite mark analysis played a role in his conviction; however, a 2023 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) report highlighted a serious lack of scientific foundation for bite mark analysis. This includes the lack of unique patterns, inconsistent transfer to skin, limited research into population frequencies in terms of tooth/jaw structure, and observed intra-individual variability in bite mark morphology and the way impressions appear on skin over time. Reliability in making links between bite marks and specific individuals is not supported by scientific data.
    • A bite mark was left on a victim's buttocks, compared to casts of his teeth, which, as per NIST 2023, lacks scientific justification and the analysis likely had deficiencies.

    Russell Williams (2010)

    • Former Colonel at CFB Trenton.
    • Disappeared on January 28th.
    • Impressions of his footwear and tire tracks linked to his car, contributing to his apprehension and conviction.
    • Charged with murder, forcible confinement, and multiple break-ins.

    Types of Impression Evidence

    • Fingerprints, tool marks, bullet casing marks, tire marks, footprints, bite marks, and other impressions (e.g., footwear) are examples of impression evidence.

    Evidence Characteristics

    • Class characteristics: General characteristics associated with a larger group, not a unique source (e.g., shoe size, tire tread pattern, general shape). These are helpful but not sufficient for unique identification.
    • Individual characteristics: Unique characteristics of a specific source (e.g., specific wear marks in the bottom of a shoe, nicks on a tool, unique details in a tire tread). As shown by the NIST report on bite mark analysis, even with individual characteristics, reliability issues exist; meaning these are not always reliable indicators of a singular source.

    Collection Methods

    • 3D: Dental stone, sulfur cement, snow wax casting for creating three-dimensional impressions. Impressions can also be gathered by creating physical casts at the scene using various materials.
    • 2D: Powders, chemical developers (cyanoacrylate, DFO), photographs (emphasizing shadows and lighting), for documenting two-dimensional impressions. Powders like black powder and chemical developers like iodine and ninhydrin can be used at the scene to lift latent prints, or to determine the material composition of the impression.

    Bite Mark Evidence

    • Teeth can leave impressions (bruises) frequently in assault cases.
    • Dental x-rays and casts are used for comparison.
    • A 2023 NIST report highlighted serious issues with bite mark analysis, including the lack of unique patterns, inconsistent transfer to skin, lack of consistent population studies, observed intra-individual variability in bite mark morphology, and the way impressions appear on skin over time. Reliability in making links between bite marks and specific individuals is not supported by scientific data. The analysis likely had deficiencies.

    Fingerprints

    • No two fingers have precisely the same ridge characteristics.
    • Ridge patterns remain relatively consistent throughout a person's life, enabling classification.
    • Lifting methods include powder, chemical developers (ninhydrin, DFO) and other techniques like cyanoacrylate fuming, to raise latent prints.

    Tool Marks

    • Tool imperfections (nicks, chips, striations) found on the tool can be linked to the marks or impressions they create.

    Firearms

    • Bullets and casings can be traced back to a specific firearm using unique land and groove markings.
    • Modifications like silencers further complicate analysis by obscuring or changing the unique characteristics; affecting the reliability of identification, reducing the confidence from analysis.

    Tire Impressions

    • Tire impressions can identify the type, make, model, direction, speed, and condition, and, critically, wear marks of a vehicle; this is essential for a reliable analysis.

    Footwear Impressions

    • Shoe size, weight displacement, running/walking patterns, and injury-related impressions can all provide characteristics for analysis & comparison and assist in identification. Footwear impressions may potentially link the suspect to the scene and/or victim.

    Collection Methods

    • 2D: Powders, chemical developers (cyanoacrylate, DFO), photographs (emphasizing shadows and lighting), for documenting two-dimensional impressions. Powder dusting/lifting may aid in visualizing latent prints, and chemical development is useful for revealing traces on various surfaces.
    • 3D: Dental stone, sulfur cement, snow wax casting and other specialized casting techniques may be helpful for creating a three-dimensional impression of the footprint.

    Bite Mark Evidence

    • Teeth can leave impressions (bruises) frequently in assault cases.
    • Dental x-rays and casts are used for comparison.
    • A 2023 NIST report highlighted serious issues with bite mark analysis, including the lack of unique patterns, inconsistent transfer to skin, lack of consistent population studies, observed intra-individual variability in bite mark morphology, and the way impressions appear on skin over time. Reliability in making links between bite marks and specific individuals is not supported by scientific data. The analysis likely has deficiencies.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on impression evidence in forensic science, including key cases such as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre and notable criminals like Ted Bundy and Russell Williams. This quiz covers various aspects of forensic analysis techniques and famous crime cases relevant to the course material from FRSC2030H.

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