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Anxiety disorders are classified under 'Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood' in DSM-5.
Anxiety disorders are classified under 'Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood' in DSM-5.
False
Surveys of the general population suggest an overall prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in children to be between 5-10%.
Surveys of the general population suggest an overall prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in children to be between 5-10%.
True
Separation anxiety becomes more prominent in adolescence.
Separation anxiety becomes more prominent in adolescence.
False
Infants typically pass through a stage of fear of strangers.
Infants typically pass through a stage of fear of strangers.
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ICD-10 includes a diagnosis for sibling rivalry disorder in the 'Relational disorders' section.
ICD-10 includes a diagnosis for sibling rivalry disorder in the 'Relational disorders' section.
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Rates of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder start to increase in early childhood.
Rates of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder start to increase in early childhood.
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Cognitive skills training is a part of tertiary prevention for youth offending.
Cognitive skills training is a part of tertiary prevention for youth offending.
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Secondary prevention includes mentoring and treatment of parental substance misuse.
Secondary prevention includes mentoring and treatment of parental substance misuse.
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Situational crime prevention is a primary prevention method.
Situational crime prevention is a primary prevention method.
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Restorative justice is part of the secondary prevention for youth offending.
Restorative justice is part of the secondary prevention for youth offending.
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School programmes are classified under secondary prevention strategies.
School programmes are classified under secondary prevention strategies.
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Therapeutic foster care is considered part of tertiary prevention.
Therapeutic foster care is considered part of tertiary prevention.
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Forensic psychiatry is predominantly associated with adult offenders' interactions with the criminal justice system.
Forensic psychiatry is predominantly associated with adult offenders' interactions with the criminal justice system.
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In most countries, juvenile delinquency applies to young persons who have attained the age of criminal responsibility.
In most countries, juvenile delinquency applies to young persons who have attained the age of criminal responsibility.
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Delinquency is considered a type of psychiatric diagnosis.
Delinquency is considered a type of psychiatric diagnosis.
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The term 'children in conflict with the law' is less popular than 'juvenile delinquent'.
The term 'children in conflict with the law' is less popular than 'juvenile delinquent'.
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Juvenile delinquency may be associated with psychiatric disorders, especially conduct disorder.
Juvenile delinquency may be associated with psychiatric disorders, especially conduct disorder.
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In the UK, the age of criminal responsibility is currently set at 12 years.
In the UK, the age of criminal responsibility is currently set at 12 years.
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The Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol II (J-SOAP-II) is a tool used to assess adolescent violence.
The Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol II (J-SOAP-II) is a tool used to assess adolescent violence.
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Psychiatrists treating juvenile offenders must understand the legal system of the country they work in.
Psychiatrists treating juvenile offenders must understand the legal system of the country they work in.
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The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model emphasizes the punishment of juvenile offenders.
The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model emphasizes the punishment of juvenile offenders.
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The main aim of the law concerning children and adolescents is treatment rather than punishment.
The main aim of the law concerning children and adolescents is treatment rather than punishment.
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Multisystemic therapy involves coordination with multiple systems in a young person's life, including their family and teachers.
Multisystemic therapy involves coordination with multiple systems in a young person's life, including their family and teachers.
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Serious and recurrent delinquency in juvenile offenders requires minimal intervention.
Serious and recurrent delinquency in juvenile offenders requires minimal intervention.
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In England in 2009, the largest category of offenses committed by young people aged 10-17 years was violence against the person.
In England in 2009, the largest category of offenses committed by young people aged 10-17 years was violence against the person.
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About 75% of those with 3+ convictions as juveniles go on to offend as adults.
About 75% of those with 3+ convictions as juveniles go on to offend as adults.
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Delinquency is equated with conduct disorder.
Delinquency is equated with conduct disorder.
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Family history of anxiety disorders does not increase the risk of developing anxiety in offspring.
Family history of anxiety disorders does not increase the risk of developing anxiety in offspring.
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Approximately 23-32% of juveniles with intellectual disability are associated with delinquency.
Approximately 23-32% of juveniles with intellectual disability are associated with delinquency.
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Boys with criminal fathers are less likely to be convicted than those without criminal fathers.
Boys with criminal fathers are less likely to be convicted than those without criminal fathers.
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Parenting behaviors, such as overprotection, can influence the development of anxiety in children.
Parenting behaviors, such as overprotection, can influence the development of anxiety in children.
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Exposure to positive information always reduces the risk of developing anxiety in children.
Exposure to positive information always reduces the risk of developing anxiety in children.
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Many social theories have provided a completely adequate explanation of the origins of crime.
Many social theories have provided a completely adequate explanation of the origins of crime.
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Most children with anxiety disorders will continue to have them into adulthood.
Most children with anxiety disorders will continue to have them into adulthood.
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Family education and training can help reduce reinforcement of anxiety and avoidance behaviors in children.
Family education and training can help reduce reinforcement of anxiety and avoidance behaviors in children.
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Combination treatment of CBT and SSRIs is often less effective than either treatment alone for childhood anxiety disorders.
Combination treatment of CBT and SSRIs is often less effective than either treatment alone for childhood anxiety disorders.
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Generalized anxiety disorder is categorized under F93 in the ICD-10.
Generalized anxiety disorder is categorized under F93 in the ICD-10.
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The DSM-5 includes classification for sibling relational disorder.
The DSM-5 includes classification for sibling relational disorder.
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The ICD-10 includes obsessive-compulsive disorder under other anxiety disorders.
The ICD-10 includes obsessive-compulsive disorder under other anxiety disorders.
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Social anxiety disorder is also referred to as social phobia in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Social anxiety disorder is also referred to as social phobia in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
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Separation anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 is categorized differently in the ICD-10.
Separation anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 is categorized differently in the ICD-10.
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Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood is the ICD-10 equivalent of specific phobia in DSM-5.
Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood is the ICD-10 equivalent of specific phobia in DSM-5.
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Sibling rivalry disorder is included in the DSM-5 under relational disorders.
Sibling rivalry disorder is included in the DSM-5 under relational disorders.
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The DSM-5 has a specific section for trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
The DSM-5 has a specific section for trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is categorized under the same name in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Post-traumatic stress disorder is categorized under the same name in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
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Study Notes
Forensic Child Psychiatry and Juvenile Delinquency
- Forensic psychiatry involves the assessment and management of mentally disordered offenders or those at risk of offending, including issues like mental competency, fitness to testify, victimization, and child custody disputes.
- Juvenile delinquency refers to a young person who has broken the law and has been found guilty of an offense that would be categorized as a crime if committed by an adult.
- The term "children in conflict with the law" is gaining popularity, and juvenile delinquency may be associated with psychiatric disorders, especially conduct disorder.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in childhood, with a prevalence of around 5-10%, and are more frequent in girls than boys.
- Anxiety disorders are associated with significant impairment, with phobias and separation anxiety disorders being the most common in childhood, and social anxiety becoming more prominent in adolescence.
- The nature and manifestations of anxiety change as the child grows older, with infants fearing strangers, preschoolers fearing separation and animals, and adolescents fearing social situations and personal adequacy.
- Anxiety disorders in childhood resemble normal anxieties but are more severe and prolonged, and comorbidity is common, especially with other anxiety disorders.
Interventions for Youth Offending
- Primary prevention strategies include parenting programs, preschool programs, daycare programs, school programs, cognitive skills training, peer programs, community programs, and situational crime prevention.
- Secondary prevention strategies include family-focused therapies, mentoring, therapeutic foster care, safeguarding of children, and treatment of parental substance misuse.
- Tertiary prevention strategies include cooperation between police, social services, and mental health, intensive supervision and surveillance, assertive treatment of mental disorders, restorative justice, and victim support.
Intervention for Juvenile Offenders
- Interventions often fall under the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model, which focuses on the prediction of risk and classification of offenders for treatment.
- Treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as conduct disorder, ADHD, substance misuse, and intellectual disabilities, should be a core part of care for juvenile offenders.
- Psychiatric treatment should prioritize improving the family environment, reducing harmful peer group influences, and helping the offender develop better skills for solving problems.
Assessment of Young Offenders
- The assessment of young offenders should consider the nature and seriousness of the offense, the characteristics of the victim, the motive, and the role in the group, if others are involved.
- Other problem behaviors, such as violence, self-harm, and cruelty to children or animals, should also be assessed.
Approaches to the Treatment of Juvenile Offending
- Structured programs following cognitive-behavioral models, as well as problem-solving skills training, can teach social skills, anger management, and problem-solving.
- Multisystemic therapy, which involves an intensive set of integrated interventions across multiple systems in the young person's life, can be effective.
Juvenile Delinquency
- The majority of adolescent boys admit to offenses, and about 20% are convicted at some point.
- Most offenses are against property, and many fewer girls than boys are delinquent.
- About 75% of those with 3+ convictions as juveniles go on to offend as adults.
Delinquency vs. Conduct Disorder
- Delinquency is not the same as conduct disorder, although the categories overlap.
- Many delinquents do not have conduct disorder or any other psychological disorder, and many with conduct disorder do not offend.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
- Social factors, including low social class, poverty, poor housing, and bullying, are associated with delinquency.
- Family factors, including poor parenting, family discord, and large family size, are also associated with delinquency.
- Factors in the child, including genetic factors, neurodevelopmental disorders, and ADHD, may also contribute to delinquency.
Assessment and Management of Juvenile Delinquency
- Assessment should include screening for anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation, as well as consideration of the child's mental health and family background.
- Early detection and treatment can prevent significant developmental delays and impairment, and family education and training can be beneficial.
- Effective treatments for childhood anxiety disorders include cognitive-behavioral therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and combination therapy.
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Description
Assess forensic psychiatry and juvenile delinquency, including mental competency, victimization, and child custody disputes. Learn about young people who break the law and are found guilty of a crime.
