Ford Model T: History and Innovation

• The Ford Model T, introduced in 1908, represents a turning point in automotive history.
• Cars shifted from luxury items to accessible forms of transport for the middle class thanks to the Model T.
• Henry Ford aimed to produce a simple, reliable, and affordable car for the masses.
• Production occurred from 1908 to 1927.

Design and Engineering

• It featured a 2.9-liter, 4-cylinder engine producing roughly 20 horsepower.
• Its top speed was approximately 40-45 mph.
• The engine was known for its durability and simplicity.
• A planetary gear system offered two forward speeds and one reverse.
• This made it relatively easy to operate compared to other cars.
• Initially available in limited colors, it was mostly produced in black from 1914-1925.
• Black paint was used for efficiency, as it dried faster.

Manufacturing Innovations

• The Model T was the first car mass-produced on a moving assembly line.
• This innovation drastically reduced production time and costs.
• Assembly line production reduced production time from over 12 hours to around 90 minutes.
• Ford's Highland Park plant optimized for the assembly line process.
• Extensive use of interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair.
• Vertical integration meant Ford controlled the production of raw materials.

Impact on Society

• The Model T's affordability transformed American society.
• Increased travel opportunities for work and leisure.
• Development of roads and infrastructure was spurred.
• Suburbs grew and the landscape of American cities and towns changed.
• The Model T significantly impacted rural America.
• Farmers accessed towns and markets more easily.
• Demand for gasoline and automotive products grew, leading to related industry growth.
• Ford's high wages ($5 per day in 1914) attracted workers and stabilized the workforce.
• This contributed to middle class growth.
• Half of all cars in America were Model Ts by 1918.

Economic Effects

• The Model T profoundly impacted the American economy.
• Growth stimulated in steel, glass, and rubber sectors.
• The car industry became a major employer and economic growth driver.
• Other industries adopted Ford's mass production techniques.
• It set a new efficiency and productivity standard.
• The Model T helped create a consumer culture.
• People had more disposable income to spend on goods and services.

Decline and Legacy

• The Model T became outdated by the mid-1920s.
• Competitors offered cars with more features and modern designs.
• Chevrolet offered different colors.
• Ford ceased Model T production in 1927.
• The Model A replaced it.
• Despite its decline, the Model T remains a hugely important car.
• It demonstrated the power of mass production and its societal impact.
• Car ownership was democratized, changing how people lived and worked.
• The Model T is an icon of American ingenuity and innovation.
• It represents a turning point in transportation and manufacturing history.