240 Questions
What are the three main areas of the foot?
Forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot
What is the function of the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Shock absorption, weight bearing, permits smooth walking
Define dorsiflexion.
Flex ankle joint; point foot upward
How many phalanges are present in the great toe?
2
What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot?
Inversion turns the whole foot inward, while eversion turns the whole foot outward.
What does the plantar surface of the foot refer to?
Inferior surface of the foot
How many tarsals are present in the midfoot?
5
What are the components of each phalanx in the foot?
Head, body, base
What is the function of the transverse arch of the foot?
Supports the longitudinal arch
Compared to the hand, how do the phalanges of the foot differ?
Smaller and have limited movement
What are the names of the 5 metatarsals in the foot?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
Which metatarsal is the shortest and thickest in the foot?
1st metatarsal
What is the other nomenclature for the calcaneus bone?
Os Calcis or Heel
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot typically located?
On the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial, hinge joint
What is the lateral malleolus and where is it located?
Located on the fibula on the distal, lateral side
What is the medial malleolus and where is it located?
Located on the tibia on the distal, medial side
What is the other name for the ankle joint?
Ankle mortise joint
What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones in the foot?
Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform
What is the other nomenclature for the talus bone?
Astragalus
What are the three main areas of the foot?
Forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot
Describe the longitudinal arch of the foot and its functions.
Long axis from front of toes to back of the heel; shock absorber, weight-bearing, permits smooth walking, medial more pronounced arch
Explain the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
Dorsiflexion: flex ankle joint (point foot upward); Plantar flexion: extend ankle joint (pointing foot downward)
What is the significance of inversion (varus) and eversion (valgus) of the foot?
Inversion: turning whole foot inward; Eversion: turning whole foot outward
How many phalanges are located in the great toe and how are they categorized?
2 phalanges, distal and proximal
What are the components of each phalanx in the foot?
Head, body, base
Differentiate the phalanx base from the phalanx head in terms of location.
Phalanx base: proximal; Phalanx head: distal
How do the phalanges of the foot compare to those of the hand?
Smaller and have limited movement
Explain the function of the transverse arch of the foot.
Supports the longitudinal arch; runs side-to-side; consists of cuneiforms and cuboid
What is the purpose of the dorsum or dorsal surface of the foot?
Superior surface of the foot
What is the term for a fracture of the tuberosity at the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Avulsion fracture
Which joint is formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus bones?
Ankle joint
What is the other name for the ball of the foot, formed by the heads of the metatarsals?
Ball of the foot
What is the nomenclature for the talus bone other than talus?
Astragalus
Which tarsal bone is the largest and strongest in the foot?
Calcaneus
What is the term for the deep socket formed by the tibia and fibula for the talus bone?
Ankle mortise joint
What is the other nomenclature for the navicular bone?
Scaphoid
Which cuneiform bone in the foot is the smallest?
Intermediate cuneiform
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot usually located?
On the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal
What is the term for a common site of fracture in the foot bones?
Sesamoid bones
What is the anatomical term for the fibula?
calf bone
Where does the patella articulate in the human body?
femur
What is the adductor tubercle's function in relation to knee x-rays?
identifying over-rotation or under-rotation
What is the angle of the lateral malleolus in relation to the medial malleolus?
15-20 degrees more posterior
What is the main joint of the knee called?
femorotibial joint
Which ligaments restrict anterior and posterior knee movements?
cruciate ligaments
Where are the collateral ligaments attached in the knee joint?
sides of the knee joint
What do the menisci act as in the knee joint?
shock absorbers
What type of joint is the ankle mortise joint?
synovial, hinge joint
What is the condition where there is a separation of the tibial tuberosity from the body of the tibia?
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease
What is the anatomical term for the shin bone that can be felt through the skin?
Tibia
Where is the medial malleolus located and what does it relate to?
Medial aspect of the ankle; medial aspect of the ankle
What is the flattened, triangular-shaped structure found on the distal tibia for articulation with the fibula?
Fibular Notch
Describe the location and function of the intercondylar eminence on the tibia.
Superior aspect between the two condyles; Provides attachment for ligaments
What is the slope range of the tibial plateaus, and in which direction do they slope?
10-20 degrees posteriorly; Posteriorly
Where is the anterior crest of the tibia located and how is it described?
Along the anterior surface; Sharp ridge of bone
What are the two prominent processes found on the proximal end of the tibia?
Medial condyle and lateral condyle
On what part of the tibia are the smooth facets of the tibial plateau located?
Superior surface of the tibial condyles
What does the tibial plateau articulate with?
Condyles of the femur
What is the name of the structure located on the distal tibia that overlays the fibula?
Anterior Tubercle
What is the angle of the lateral malleolus in relation to the medial malleolus?
15-20 degrees more posterior
Which bone is sometimes called the 'calf bone'?
fibula
What is the size of the patella?
2 inches in diameter
Where does the patella ONLY articulate with?
femur
What is the function of the menisci in the knee joint?
Act as shock absorbers
What type of joint is the ankle mortise joint?
Synovial, hinge joint
Where is the adductor tubercle located on the distal femur?
Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle
What are the two eminences found on the distal femur?
Medial condyle (larger) and lateral condyle (smaller)
How many ligaments hold the knee joint together?
4
What is the most common age group for Osgood-Schlatter's Disease?
Boys ages 10-15
What is the name of the short, pyramid-shaped process on the medial aspect of the distal end of the tibia?
medial malleolus
What is the term for the sharp ridge of bone located along the anterior surface of the tibia?
anterior crest of the tibia
What is the name of the little 'mountain-shaped' protrusion on the superior aspect of the tibia located between the two condyles?
intercondylar eminence
Describe the location and function of the fibular notch on the distal end of the tibia.
flattened, triangular-shaped notch located on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the distal fibula
Where is the lateral aspect distal tibia located?
fibular notch
What is the angle of the tibial plateaus in relation to the femur?
slopes posteriorly 10-20 degrees
What are the two prominent processes found on the proximal end of the tibia?
medial condyle and lateral condyle
What is the anatomical name for the shin bone that can be felt through the skin?
tibia
What are the smooth facets on the superior surface of the tibial condyles called?
tibial plateau
What is the structure located on the distal tibia that overlays the fibula?
anterior tubercle
What are the 6 important structures of the Ilium?
ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, iliac crest, greater sciatic notch
Where is the ischium located in relation to the acetabulum?
Inferior and posterior
What forms 2/5 of the acetabulum?
Ischial body
What is the largest foramen in the body?
Obturator foramen
What is the articulation between the acetabulum and the head of the femur known as?
Hip joint
What are the 3 main articulations of the pelvis?
Hip joint, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint
What is the classification of the sacroiliac joint?
Synovial irregular gliding joint
Where is the Ala located?
Wing of the ilium
What anatomical structure is located 1.5 inches below a line drawn between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis?
Femoral head
What is the name of the small depression on the femoral head used for muscle attachment?
Fovea capitis
What are the female features of the pelvis in terms of shape and body structure?
wider/shallower shape, light body structure
Identify the bones that form the pelvis.
2 hip bones, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
What are the male features of the pelvis in terms of shape and body structure?
narrower, deeper shape, heavier bony structure
What is the superior aperture of the pelvis also known as?
inlet
Where does the pelvic brim extend from?
upper anterior margin of the sacrum to the upper margin of the pubic symphysis
Identify the bones that compose the acetabulum.
2/5th ilium, 2/5ths ischium, 1/5th pubis
What are the components of the hip bone?
ilium, ischium, pubis
What does the ala form in relation to the hip bone?
prominence
What are ASIS and AIIS abbreviations for?
anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine
Where is the AIIS located in the pelvis?
anterior inferior iliac spine
What is the classification of the hip joint?
synovial, ball and socket joint
What is the articulation of the sacroiliac joint?
left and right ilia with the sacrum posteriorly
What anatomical structure forms 2/5 of the acetabulum?
ischial body
What are the three main articulations of the pelvis?
hip joint, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint
What is the name for the largest foramen in the body?
obturator foramen
What is the classification of the pubic symphysis joint?
cartilaginous symphysis joint
What is the movement classification of the sacroiliac joint?
slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial)
What are the characteristics of the hip joint?
very strong, stable, surrounded by dense, strong bands of ligaments
What is the articulation between the acetabulum and the head of the femur known as?
hip joint
What is the function of the fovea capitis on the femoral head?
muscle attachment
What are the female features of the pelvis in terms of shape, body structure, inlet, and outlet?
Wider/shallower shape, light body structure, oval inlet, wider outlet
What are the male features of the pelvis in terms of shape, body structure, inlet, and outlet?
Narrower, deeper shape, heavier bony structure, round inlet, narrower outlet
What is the composition of the hip bone in the pelvis?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
What does the ilium consist of in the pelvis?
Body and the ala
What forms 2/5 of the acetabulum in the hip bone?
Body of the ilium
What is the superior aperture of the pelvis also known as?
Inlet
Where does the pelvic brim extend from in the pelvis?
Upper anterior margin of the sacrum to the upper margin of the pubic symphysis
What are the components of the true or lesser pelvis?
Superior aperture (inlet), pelvic cavity, inferior aperture (outlet)
What are the bones that form the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones
What is the composition of the acetabulum in the hip bone?
2/5th ilium, 2/5ths ischium, 1/5th pubis
What are the three main components that form the bony thorax?
Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae
What is the most superior aspect of the sternum called?
Jugular notch
What is the most inferior aspect of the sternum called?
Xiphoid process
What is the common length of the sternum?
About 6 inches
What are the three parts that make up the sternum?
Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
Where does the sternal extremity of the clavicle articulate?
Manubrium
What is the palpable landmark on the sternum?
Manubrium
Between which thoracic vertebrae does the jugular notch lie?
T2 and T3
What is the structure that the clavicular notch of the manubrium articulates with?
Clavicle
What is the alternate name for the jugular notch?
Suprasternal notch
What is the alternate name for the body of the sternum?
Corpus of the sternum
What is the term for the most distal and smallest portion of the sternum?
Xiphoid process
How many costal cartilages connect to the sternum?
7
Which ribs are known as 'Floating Ribs'?
11 and 12
What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial, gliding joint; freely movable
Which joint type of the bony thorax corresponds to the sternal angle?
Manubriosternal joints
What is the joint type where ribs #1-#10 connect to the costal cartilage?
Costochondral joints
Where is the xiphisternal joint located?
Between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process
What is the function of the costotransverse joints?
Articulate with ribs #1-#10 between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebrae
Which joints articulate between the costal cartilage of the 6th rib through the 10th rib?
Interchondral joints
What is the most inferior aspect of the bony thorax?
xiphoid process
Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle?
clavicular notch of the manubrium
Where is the jugular notch located in terms of thoracic vertebrae?
between T2 and T3
What is another name for the jugular notch?
suprasternal notch
Which part of the sternum is roughly quadrilateral in shape?
manubrium
What is the function of the xiphoid process?
broken during CPR chest compressions
How many costal cartilages does the manubrium attach to?
2
What is the length of the sternum?
about 6 inches
What are the three parts that make up the sternum?
Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
Where does the sternal extremity of the clavicle articulate?
Manubrium
What is the other name for the body of the sternum?
Corpus of the sternum
Where does the xiphoid process lie in relation to the thoracic vertebrae?
Over the 10th thoracic vertebrae
What is the alternate term for the xiphoid process?
Ensiform Process
What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial, gliding joint; freely movable
Which ribs are classified as 'Floating Ribs'?
Ribs #11 and #12
What is the classification of the costochondral joint?
Cartilaginous, synchondroses; immovable
Where do the interchondral joints articulate?
Between ribs #6-#10
What is the classification of the costovertebral joints?
Synovial, gliding joint; freely movable
What is the location of the manubriosternal joint?
Between the manubrium and body of the sternum
Which joint type of the bony thorax is classified as immovable?
Xiphisternal joints
What is the term for any abnormal increase in the anterior convexity of the lumbar or cervical curves?
Lordosis
What is the shape of kyphotic curves?
Concave anteriorly
What is the term for an abnormal increase in the anterior concavity of the thoracic or pelvis curves?
Kyphosis
What is the medical term for abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
What is the function of the vertebral arch in a typical vertebra?
Protection of spinal cord
How many vertebrae are typically found in the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae
What is the primary function of the vertebral column in supporting the body?
Support for the trunk
What is the shape of lordotic curves?
Convex anteriorly
What is the total number of vertebrae in the adult vertebral column?
26
What are the two main components of a typical vertebra?
Body and vertebral arch
What is the term for the circular opening formed by the vertebral body and arch?
vertebral foramen
Which anatomical structure is the most posterior extension of the vertebrae?
spinous process
What are the four articular processes of a typical vertebrae?
2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes
What is a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) commonly known as?
slipped disk
What is the term for C1 in the cervical vertebrae?
atlas
What unique characteristics do cervical vertebrae have?
transverse foramina, bifid spinous process tips, overlapping vertebral bodies, articular pillars
What is the term for C2 in the cervical vertebrae?
axis
Which region of thoracic vertebrae increases in size from 1st to 12th?
bodies
What shape are the bodies of T3-T9 in the thoracic vertebrae?
triangular
How many thoracic region topographic landmarks are there?
3
What is the shape of kyphotic curves?
concave anteriorly
What is Lordosis?
any abnormal increase in the anterior convexity of the lumbar or cervical curves
What is the composition of a typical vertebra?
body and vertebral arch
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What is the primary function of the vertebral column in supporting the body?
support for the trunk
What is Scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
How many sacrum vertebrae are there?
1 (5 fused)
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
encloses and protects the spinal cord, support for the trunk, supports the skull superiorly, attachment for the deep muscles of the back and ribs
What is the shape of lordotic curves?
convex anteriorly
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
What are the unique characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
Transverse foramina, bifid spinous process tips, overlapping vertebral bodies, articular pillars
What is the main function of the nucleus pulposus in an intervertebral disk?
Central mass of soft, pulp material
What is a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) commonly known as?
Slipped disk
What is the unique characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae in terms of size from T1 to T12?
Increase
What are the topographic landmarks for the cervical region?
C1: mastoid tip, C2-C3: gonion, C5: thyroid
What is the unique characteristic of the bodies of T3-T9 in thoracic vertebrae?
Triangular shape
How many cervical region topographic landmarks are there?
4
What passes through the intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves and blood vessels
What is the function of the zygapophyseal joint in the cervical spine?
Articulation between the superior and inferior articular processes
What are the components of an intervertebral disk?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
What is the natural curve of the lumbar spine called?
lordotic
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
L1-L2
Which part of the lumbar spine is most commonly injured?
intervertebral disks
What are the characteristics of the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae?
large, thick, blunt; project posteriorly and horizontally
Where are the accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae located?
back of the root of the transverse process
What is the part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes called?
pars interarticularis
Describe the characteristics of the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae.
smaller than those of the thoracic spine; directed laterally or slightly superiorly
What is the function of the mamillary process of lumbar vertebrae?
smooth, rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process
What makes the laminae of lumbar vertebrae different from cervical or thoracic vertebrae?
thicker
What are the superior and inferior surfaces of the body of lumbar vertebrae like?
flattened
Which vertebra in the lumbar spine has the thickest transverse process?
L5
What is the shape of the sacrum bone?
Curved and triangular-shaped
Where is the sacrum located in relation to the pelvis?
Between the iliac bones
What is the female sacrum more acutely curved resulting in?
A sharper angle at the lumbar and pelvic curves junction
Where is the sacral promontory located?
On the base of the sacrum
What is the main function of the sacral canal?
To transmit sacral nerves
What is the coccyx composed of in adulthood?
4 fused rudimentary vertebrae
What is the shape of the coccyx bone?
Diminished from base to apex
Where do the coccygeal cornua project from?
First coccygeal segment
How many vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
5
What is the natural curve of the lumbar spine?
lordotic
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
L1-L2
Which part of the lumbar spine is most commonly injured?
intervertebral disks
What are the characteristics of the body of lumbar vertebrae?
deeper anteriorly than posteriorly, flattened superior and inferior surfaces
Describe the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae.
smaller than those of the thoracic spine, L1-L3 directed laterally, L4-L5 slightly superiorly
What are the characteristics of the laminae of lumbar vertebrae?
thicker than cervical or thoracic vertebrae
Describe the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae.
large, thick, blunt, project posteriorly and horizontally
Where are the accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae located?
at the back of the root of the transverse process
What is the part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes called?
pars interarticularis
What is a common site of back injuries in the lumbar spine?
intervertebral disks
What unique characteristics define the L5 vertebra?
Wedge-shaped body, wedge-shaped intervertebral disk, shorter and smaller spinous process, thickest transverse process
In what position are the majority of zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine demonstrated?
45 degree oblique position
What is the orientation of intervertebral foramina in the lumbar spine, except for L5?
Right angles (90 degrees) to the Midsagittal plane
What is the shape of the sacrum and how many vertebrae fuse to form it?
Curved, triangular-shaped bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
Where is the sacrum located anatomically?
Between the iliac bones of the pelvis (Sacroiliac joints)
How does the female sacrum differ from the male sacrum?
The female sacrum is more acutely curved, resulting in a sharper angle at the lumbar-pelvic junction
What is the function of the sacral canal, and what does it transmit?
Location of the vertebral (spinal) cord continuation; transmits sacral nerves
Where are the sacral foramina located, and what passes through them?
On anterior and posterior walls of sacral canal; passage for sacral nerves and blood vessels
What process does the sacral apex have for articulation with another bone?
Oval facet for articulation with the coccyx
What is the composition of the coccyx, and how many vertebrae fuse to form it?
Composed of 4 rudimentary vertebrae fused into one bone by adulthood
Study Notes
Foot Structure
- The three main areas of the foot are the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
- The foot has 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges, and 2 sesamoid bones.
- The longitudinal arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and the three cuneiform bones.
Phalanges
- Each phalanx in the foot has a base, shaft, and head.
- The great toe has 2 phalanges, while the other toes have 3 phalanges each.
- The phalanges of the foot are shorter and thicker than those of the hand.
Arch Functions
- The longitudinal arch of the foot provides spring and elasticity to the foot during weight-bearing activities.
- The transverse arch of the foot provides stability and helps to distribute pressure evenly.
Foot Movements
- Dorsiflexion is the upward movement of the foot, while plantar flexion is the downward movement.
- Inversion is the inward movement of the foot, while eversion is the outward movement.
Ankle Joint
- The ankle joint is a hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus bones.
- The ankle mortise joint is formed by the tibia and fibula.
- The lateral malleolus is located on the fibula, while the medial malleolus is located on the tibia.
Tarsal Bones
- The 7 tarsal bones are the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and 3 cuneiform bones.
- The calcaneus is also known as the heel bone.
- The talus bone is also known as the ankle bone.
Metatarsals
- There are 5 metatarsals in the foot, which are numbered from medial to lateral.
- The 1st metatarsal is the shortest and thickest.
- The heads of the metatarsals form the ball of the foot.
Sesamoid Bones
- The sesamoid bones are two small, oval-shaped bones embedded within tendons in the foot.
- They are usually located on the plantar surface of the foot.
Foot Surfaces
- The plantar surface of the foot is the sole of the foot.
- The dorsum or dorsal surface of the foot is the top of the foot.
Other Terms
- A fracture of the tuberosity at the base of the 5th metatarsal is known as a Jones fracture.
- The ball of the foot is formed by the heads of the metatarsals.
- The ankle joint is also known as the talocrural joint.
- The navicular bone is also known as the scaphoid bone.
- The largest and strongest tarsal bone is the calcaneus.
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