Foodborne Illness Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What commonly causes Salmonella contamination in food animals?

  • Inadequately washed fruits
  • Unsanitary fields (correct)
  • Infected pets
  • Overcooked meat

What is the typical incubation period for illness caused by Salmonella after ingestion?

  • 1–3 days
  • 2–7 days
  • 6–72 hours (correct)
  • 1–5 hours

Which of the following sources is most commonly associated with E.coli O121?

  • Raw Flour (correct)
  • Canned Vegetables
  • Packaged Snacks
  • Processed Meat

Which of the following is a potential route of Salmonella transmission?

<p>Handling contaminated pet foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hospitalization rate for listeriosis in the U.S.?

<p>94% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of toxin does E.coli O157:H7 produce?

<p>Shiga toxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk factor for pregnant women concerning listeriosis?

<p>Ten times more likely to develop listeriosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effective way to destroy E.coli O157:H7 in food?

<p>Thorough cooking to 70 °C or higher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common cause of Campylobacter infections?

<p>Raw or undercooked poultry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptom of Campylobacter infection?

<p>Bloody diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a source of E.coli O121 infection linked to food consumption?

<p>Consuming uncooked flour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing Campylobacter infections?

<p>Stool culture or DNA test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom onset period for E.coli infections?

<p>3-8 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group should be supervised to prevent Salmonella exposure?

<p>Infants and young children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complicates epidemiological studies of listeriosis?

<p>Prolonged incubation period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Listeria monocytogenes is false?

<p>It predominately resides in highly sanitary environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common foodborne illness responsible for approximately 50% of the global burden of foodborne diseases?

<p>Diarrheal diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foodborne pathogen is known to be easily transmitted through aerosolized vomit and fecal-oral routes?

<p>Norovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many deaths per year are attributed to foodborne illnesses worldwide?

<p>420,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, how many outbreaks of Norovirus are reported each year on average?

<p>300–400 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of illnesses caused by Salmonella in the United States?

<p>Contaminated food of animal origin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the severity of foodborne illness in children is true?

<p>They account for 1/3 of foodborne deaths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main types of bacteria responsible for foodborne illnesses that can lead to over 1 million illnesses in the U.S. annually?

<p>Salmonella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infectious dose required to transmit Norovirus?

<p>10-20 virions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of cross-contamination in food preparation?

<p>Transfer of bacteria through shared surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice helps prevent cross-contamination when preparing food?

<p>Using separate chopping boards for raw meat and other foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of improper handwashing when handling food?

<p>Transfer of pathogens to food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can refrigeration help prevent bacterial growth?

<p>By slowing down the growth of bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with raw food contamination?

<p>Fecal material present in raw foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens can be commonly found in animal waste?

<p>Listeria monocytogenes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of foodborne diseases related to shellfish?

<p>Contaminated oysters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to avoid contamination during food storage?

<p>Keeping raw meat at the bottom of the fridge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence?

<p>Incidence counts new cases over a specific time, while prevalence measures existing cases at a specific time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a disease that is constantly present in a particular geographic area?

<p>Endemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a vector in disease transmission?

<p>Mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a continuous exposure outbreak?

<p>A population is repeatedly exposed to a persistent source over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an epidemic accurately?

<p>A sudden increase in cases of a disease within a specific region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines passive surveillance in epidemiology?

<p>Regular collection of data without soliciting ongoing reports from clinicians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a single point exposure outbreak?

<p>The outbreak originates from one contact with a source of the pathogen at one time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an outbreak in epidemiology?

<p>It signifies a rapid increase in cases within a localized area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviours is NOT typically a sign of a painful condition in animals?

<p>Hyperactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be an outcome of discomfort or pain in relation to animal behaviour?

<p>Increased sensitivity to stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included as part of any veterinary examination?

<p>Behavioural questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about animal behaviour and health is most accurate?

<p>Behaviour can sometimes indicate an illness or health issue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental aspect of behaviour as defined in the content?

<p>It involves action and response to stimulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can sudden changes in an animal's behaviour indicate?

<p>Possible health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an internal factor influencing animal behaviour?

<p>Neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of animal behaviour is essential for veterinarians to understand for safety?

<p>Understanding learning theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a result of human influence on animal behaviour?

<p>Increased risk of aggression (A), Modified instinctual behaviours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'animal temperament' refer to?

<p>A combination of internal genetics and external environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should behaviour questions be part of a veterinary examination?

<p>They may indicate underlying health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is behaviour particularly important in veterinary medicine?

<p>It provides clues to underlying health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the relationship between health and behaviour?

<p>Both health issues can manifest as changes in behaviour. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates behaviour in animals according to the content?

<p>A mix of internal and external factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about observable behaviours is true?

<p>Observable behaviours can be studied scientifically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of behaviour relating to health mentioned in the content?

<p>It can indicate symptoms of illness or injury. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

E.coli Strain

A type of E.coli that, like O157, produces Shiga toxin, causing symptoms like watery diarrhea, vomiting, and even intestinal bleeding.

Listeriosis

A bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, affecting around 1,600 people in the US annually, with 94% requiring hospitalization.

Foodborne illness prevalence

Foodborne illness affects approximately one in ten people worldwide, with higher rates in some countries. This translates to a significant global burden.

Diarrheal diseases and foodborne illness

Diarrheal diseases are the most common cause of foodborne illness, contributing to roughly half of the global burden.

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Norovirus transmission

Norovirus is highly contagious, spreading through various routes, including contaminated surfaces and person-to-person contact, and requires a small number of viral particles to cause infection.

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Norovirus prevalence in Canada

Norovirus infections are widespread in Canada, with hundreds of outbreaks reported annually to the National Enteric Surveillance Program.

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Salmonella as a foodborne pathogen

Salmonella bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, commonly linked to contaminated food of animal origin.

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Salmonella prevalence in the US and Canada

Salmonella infections are widespread in the United States, with over a million reported illnesses annually. Canada experiences a significant number of cases as well.

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Food traceability

Food traceability refers to the ability to track food products from their origin to the consumer, aiding in identifying sources of contamination and preventing outbreaks.

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Food packaging and food safety

Food packaging plays a crucial role in food safety by protecting food from contamination and maintaining its quality.

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Cross-contamination

The transfer of bacteria from one source to another, often through shared surfaces like utensils or cutting boards, or from raw food to cooked food.

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Improper Handwashing

Improper handwashing can transfer pathogens from infected hands to food, often due to exposure to trace amounts of fecal matter.

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Inappropriate Food Storage

Storing food at incorrect temperatures can allow bacteria to grow and multiply, making it unsafe to eat. This includes both refrigeration and freezing.

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Incorrect Cooking Temperatures

Cooking food at insufficient temperatures may not kill all bacteria, parasites, and viruses, allowing them to survive and cause illness.

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Animal Waste Contamination

Animal waste, particularly manure from livestock, can contain various pathogens that can contaminate food if not managed properly.

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Raw Food Contamination

Raw food can be contaminated with fecal matter or pathogens present in meats or animal products like eggs and milk, increasing the risk of foodborne illness.

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Food from Unsafe Sources

Food from unsafe sources, like shellfish, can harbor pathogens and increase the risk of foodborne illness. Uncooked oysters and clams are particularly risky.

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Inadequate Cooking and Canning

Inadequate cooking and canning processes (especially commercial canning) can fail to kill all harmful microbes, increasing the risk of foodborne illness.

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What is Salmonella?

Salmonella is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in food animals, pets, and even in the environment. It's a serious concern because humans can get sick by ingesting contaminated food or through contact with infected animals.

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How does Salmonella affect humans?

Salmonella infections in humans typically occur within 6 to 72 hours after consuming contaminated food, often lasting for 2 to 7 days. Symptoms can include diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps.

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Why is controlling Salmonella difficult?

Controlling Salmonella is a challenge due to its presence in a wide range of foods and its ability to spread through diverse routes like contaminated fields, kitchen surfaces, and person-to-person contact.

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How can we prevent Salmonella contamination?

Preventing Salmonella contamination requires comprehensive measures across the entire food chain, from agricultural production to food processing and preparation, both commercially and at home. Limiting contact between infants and young children with potentially contaminated pets, like cats, dogs, and turtles, is also crucial.

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What is E. coli and its significance?

Most strains of E. coli are harmless and naturally reside in the intestines. However, pathogenic strains like O157:H7 produce shiga toxin, leading to serious illnesses. Importantly, O157:H7 does not cause illness in animals, making it a zoonotic disease.

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How does E. coli O157:H7 spread?

E. coli O157:H7 spreads through contaminated food like undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy, and unwashed produce. Direct contact with infected animals, contaminated water, and even unpasteurized drinks can also lead to infection.

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How can we prevent E. coli O157:H7 infections?

STEC, or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, like O157:H7, is destroyed by thoroughly cooking food until all parts reach at least 70 °C. The incubation period for E. coli O157:H7 is typically 3 to 8 days, with most patients recovering within 10 days.

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What happened with the E.coli O121 outbreak in Canada?

In 2016, Canada experienced an E.coli O121 outbreak affecting 29 people, with 8 requiring hospitalization. The outbreak was linked to consuming uncooked flour across 6 provinces, showcasing the potential dangers of uncooked flour.

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Endemic

The continual presence of a pathogen in a specific region.

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Epidemic

An unusual and rapid increase in the occurrence of an illness within a specific geographic area.

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Pandemic

A global increase in the occurrence of an illness, crossing national borders.

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Outbreak

A localized epidemic, characterized by a sudden and rapid increase in the number of cases of a disease.

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Single Point Exposure Outbreak

A single point of exposure to a pathogen, occurring at a specific time.

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Multiple Exposure Outbreak

Multiple sources of exposure to a pathogen, occurring at different times, affecting different groups.

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Continuous Exposure Outbreak

Continuous exposure to a pathogen, where the source remains present.

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Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a population at risk during a specific time period.

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Abnormal/problematic behaviour

Changes in an animal's behavior that are unusual or unexpected compared to their normal routine.

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Pain and behaviour

Painful conditions can manifest in unusual behaviour, as animals may not show overt signs of pain.

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Discomfort and pain on behaviour

The impact of discomfort or pain on an animal's reactions to stressors, emotions, and learning abilities.

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“It’s just behavioural”

A common mistake in veterinary practice, attributing unusual behaviour solely to psychological reasons, overlooking potential underlying health issues.

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Vets and behaviour

Veterinarians are gaining a deeper understanding of the connection between animal health and behaviour, recognizing that unusual behaviour can indicate underlying medical issues.

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Behaviour as the first sign

The first sign of an issue in animals is often a change in behaviour. Traditional diagnostics may not readily identify the cause.

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Understanding species-normal behaviours

Being able to identify and interpret the normal behaviour patterns of different animal species in healthy individuals.

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Human influence on animal behaviour

Human interactions, including management practices, training, and veterinary procedures, can impact an animal's behaviour, both positively and negatively.

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What is behaviour?

Any action an organism takes in response to a stimulus, both internal and external, that can be observed and measured.

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What is the function of behaviour?

Every behaviour serves a purpose, even if it's not immediately obvious. This purpose is the function of the behaviour.

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What are some examples of internal factors influencing behaviour?

Internal factors that can influence behavior include things like hormones, neurotransmitters, genetics, and even the state of the animal's immune system.

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What are some examples of external factors influencing behaviour?

External factors that can influence behavior include things like the environment, social interactions, training, food, and life experiences.

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What is animal temperament?

An animal's temperament, or personality, is a combination of its genetics and the experiences it has had throughout its life. It influences how an animal learns, interacts with others, and responds to different situations.

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Why is understanding behaviour important for veterinary medicine?

Behaviour is important in veterinary medicine because it can be a sign of disease or injury. Observations of behaviour can help veterinarians diagnose health problems and provide the best care for animals.

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Why is understanding behaviour important for animal welfare?

Animal welfare is about providing animals with the best possible living conditions. Understanding behaviour is crucial for developing humane and effective animal welfare practices.

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Why is understanding behaviour important for research?

Research on animal behaviour helps scientists understand how animals learn, communicate, and interact with their environment. This knowledge can be used to improve animal care, conservation efforts, and even human-animal relationships.

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Study Notes

Foodborne Illness Overview

  • Globally, unsafe food causes 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420,000 deaths annually.
  • 30% of foodborne deaths occur in children under 5 years old.
  • Globally, 33 million years of healthy life are lost annually due to unsafe food. This estimate is likely underestimated.
  • Preventing foodborne illness is critical, and WHO leads global efforts.
  • Approximately 1 in 10 people globally fall ill from foodborne illnesses.
  • 600,000,000 cases of foodborne illness occur annually worldwide.
  • 420,000 deaths occur annually worldwide from foodborne illnesses.
  • The illness is especially severe for young children (1/3 of deaths).
  • 1 in 8 Canadians (approximately 4 million) gets sick from contaminated food annually.
  • Over 11,500 hospitalizations and 240 deaths occur in Canada annually due to foodborne illnesses.

Diarrheal Diseases

  • Diarrheal diseases comprise approximately 50% of the global burden of foodborne diseases.
  • Globally, 550,000,000 cases of diarrheal illness occur annually.
  • Globally, 230,000 deaths (~50% of foodborne deaths) occur annually from diarrheal diseases.

Common Causes of Foodborne Illness in Canada

  • Norovirus: Leading cause of foodborne illnesses and hospitalizations.
    • About 1 million illnesses, 1,180 hospitalizations, and 21 deaths annually.
  • Listeria: Leading cause of deaths related to foodborne illness annually.
    • 178 illnesses, 150 hospitalizations, and 35 deaths.
  • Salmonella: Contributes to 1 in 4 hospitalizations of all foodborne illnesses.
    • ~88,000 illnesses, 925 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths.
  • E. coli O157: One of the top foodborne bacteria causing severe illnesses.
    • ~12,800 illnesses, 245 hospitalizations, and 8 deaths.
  • Campylobacter: Third-leading cause of foodborne illnesses.
    • ~145,000 illnesses, 565 hospitalizations, and 5 deaths.

Overall Estimates of Canadians Affected by Foodborne Illness

  • Known causes (30 bacteria, parasites, and viruses) involve 1.6 million illnesses annually (40% of all foodborne illnesses) and 4,000 hospitalizations (34% of all foodborne hospitalizations)
  • and 105 deaths (44% of all foodborne deaths).
  • Unknown causes involve 2.4 million illnesses (60% of all illnesses), 7,600 hospitalizations (66% of all hospitalizations), and 133 deaths (56% of all deaths).
  • Therefore, about 4 million (1 in 8) Canadians are affected by foodborne illness annually; of these, 11,600 are hospitalized and 238 die each year.

Foodborne Pathogens (Sources)

  • Meat and Poultry
  • Milk
  • Fish and Seafood
  • Fruits, Vegetables, Cereals
  • Ready-to-eat foods

Salmonella

  • United States: ~1.35 million cases annually (food source: 1 million)
    • Including 26,500 hospitalizations and 420 deaths.
  • Canada: ~88,000 illnesses, 925 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths.

Salmonella Bacteria

  • Gram-negative rods
  • Major cause of foodborne illnesses globally
  • Transmitted by consuming contaminated animal-origin food

Salmonella Prevalence

  • Widely distributed in domestic and wild animals
  • Prevalent in poultry, pigs, cattle, cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles.
  • Disease symptoms (humans) appear 6-72 hours after ingestion of Salmonella (usually 12-36 hours).
  • Illness lasts 2-7 days.

Controlling Salmonella

  • Present in multiple foods.
  • Contamination sources are diverse (fields where food is grown, kitchen cutting boards).

Other Ways to Get Salmonella

  • Person-to-person (fecal-oral route)
  • Contact with infected pets or farm animals (e.g. Reptiles, birds, pigs, etc.)
  • Contaminated pet foods/treats (e.g., pig ears).

E. coli O157:H7

  • Shiga toxin-producing E. coli can be destroyed by thorough cooking (70°C or higher).
  • Incubation period = 3 to 8 days (median = 3-4 days).
  • Most patients recover within 10 days

E. coli O121

  • Pathogenic E. coli strain, similar to O157 (related to Shiga toxin).
  • Commonly causes watery diarrhea and vomiting, and sometimes intestinal bleeding or gastroenteritis.

Listeriosis

  • Caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes
  • Relatively rare, but ~1,600 cases in the U.S., an additional 178 Canadians affected per year, and ~94% hospitalized annually.
  • Listeriosis is treatable with antibiotics.
  • High death rate (260 deaths/year in US); >50% are in elderly (>65 years).
  • Leading cause of death due to foodborne illness in Canada
  • Pregnant women are 10X more likely to develop listeriosis than the general population; it may cause miscarriages.
  • The bacteria can be passed to the offspring.

Campylobacter

  • ~1.5 million illnesses in the U.S.
  • Causes: Raw or undercooked poultry, contaminated water, contact with animals, raw (unpasteurized) milk
  • Diagnosis: Detects Campylobacter bacteria (stool, body tissue, or fluids). Can be confirmed with a bacterial culture or DNA test.
  • Treatment: Usually, no specific treatment is needed, as most cases resolve without antibiotics, except for patients with severely weakened immune systems (e.g., AIDS, chemotherapy).

How Contaminated Foods Occur

  • Contamination can originate from:
    • Microbes present in livestock (often healthy animals).
    • During slaughtering (contamination from animal intestines).
    • Improper washing of fruits and vegetables.
  • Pathogens in manure include: Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O121, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia.
  • All types of livestock (sheep, cows, beef, poultry, horses, dogs, cats, birds, rodents, deer, insects, and humans) can carry pathogens in their manure/waste.

Routes to Food Contamination

  • Cross-contamination
  • Improper handwashing
  • Inadequate storage and cooking temperatures (e.g., refrigeration, freezing, keeping raw meats at the bottom of the refrigerator, etc.).

Take Home Message

  • Eating is a risky business.
  • Foods can contain hazards.

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Description

Test your knowledge on foodborne illnesses such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter. This quiz covers causes, symptoms, incubation periods, and prevention strategies related to these pathogens. Assess your understanding of the risks associated with food consumption and specific populations.

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