Salmonella Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the general prognosis for healthy individuals suffering from influenza?

  • Generally uncertain
  • Generally excellent (correct)
  • Generally poor
  • Dependent on age
  • Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with the CNS stage of rabies?

  • Pain at or near the bite (correct)
  • Delirium
  • Hydrophobia
  • Acute ascending paralysis
  • What is the most common mode of transmission for rabies?

  • Infected saliva from animal bites (correct)
  • Direct contact with infected blood
  • Inhalation of airborne particles
  • Contaminated food and water
  • Which of the following is a diagnostic method for rabies?

    <p>PCR of saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is MOST commonly associated with fatalities resulting from influenza?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What season do influenza epidemics typically occur in temperate climates?

    <p>Fall or Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is at the highest risk for influenza-related complications?

    <p>Individuals over 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are considered most common vectors for rabies transmission?

    <p>Bats and raccoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supportive treatment is recommended for influenza if symptoms begin within 48 hours?

    <p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of influenza?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of deaths from influenza occur in individuals over 65?

    <p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with wild animals that bite humans and are suspected to be rabid?

    <p>Decapitate and send the head for testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is more common in children suffering from influenza?

    <p>Tracheal tenderness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a high-risk comorbidity for influenza complications?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset of fever in individuals infected with influenza?

    <p>Abrupt onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign may be present during an influenza infection, albeit less commonly in adults?

    <p>Conjunctival redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are common to both nontyphoidal Salmonella and typhoid fever?

    <p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis, which of the following is most critical?

    <p>Lumbar puncture and CSF examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic symptom is specifically associated with typhoid fever?

    <p>Rose spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the transmission of typhoid fever?

    <p>Consuming undercooked poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empiric treatment recommended for most patients with acute bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is at increased risk for Listeria monocytogenes infection?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals, including the elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stool study result is indicative of severe dysentery in nontyphoidal Salmonella infection?

    <p>Positive stool culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is considered a more advanced sign of nausea in acute bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Altered mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of excessive exercise in patients with mononucleosis?

    <p>Splenic rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is NOT commonly associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?

    <p>CMV retinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following manifestations is rare in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

    <p>Cervical lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of IgM antibodies indicate in a patient suspected of having CMV mononucleosis?

    <p>Primary CMV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation in patients who are immunocompromised and experience reactivation of Cytomegalovirus?

    <p>CMV esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with the transmission of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

    <p>Congenital infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Cytomegalovirus, what is the significance of 'Owl’s eye' appearance in tissue biopsy?

    <p>Identifies CMV reactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication of EBV infection is related to malignant conditions?

    <p>Lymphomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main immune cell type targeted by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

    <p>CD4 lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the CD4 lymphocyte count over time with HIV infection?

    <p>It decreases progressively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides quantitative abnormalities, what other defect is observed in immunologic responses associated with HIV?

    <p>Qualitative defects in lymphocyte function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease is Ganciclovir particularly associated with?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) related diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key receptor does HIV utilize to attach to and infect cells?

    <p>CD4 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark feature of symptomatic HIV infection?

    <p>Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells can be infected by HIV?

    <p>Any cell expressing CD4 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain infections associated with HIV occur at any CD4 count. Which statement best describes this?

    <p>They are common regardless of CD4 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nontyphoidal and Typhoid Salmonella Infections

    • Nontyphoidal Salmonella linked to poultry, eggs, milk, reptiles, and exotic pets.
    • Symptoms include malaise, headaches, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea, which may be bloody.
    • Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, primarily transmitted via fecal-oral route, associated with poor sanitation.
    • Symptoms of typhoid fever include chills, abdominal pain, fever, 'pea soup' diarrhea, and rose spots—a faint rash that spreads from the abdomen.

    Diagnosis and Treatment for Salmonella

    • Diagnosis involves stool culture and identification of fecal WBCs and RBCs.
    • Treatment includes oral hydration and electrolyte replacement; antibiotics prescribed for typhoidal Salmonella.
    • For nontyphoidal Salmonella, antibiotics are only given for severe cases with high fever and positive stool culture.

    Acute Bacterial Meningitis

    • Common bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Neisseria meningitidis (most prevalent in individuals 10-19), Listeria monocytogenes (greater risk in immunocompromised groups).
    • Symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, photosensitivity, and other meningeal signs; severe cases can lead to confusion, seizures, and altered mental status.

    Diagnosis and Management of Meningitis

    • Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and CSF examination; Head CT may be needed to rule out intracranial masses if suspected.
    • Treatment generally includes antibiotics like Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone; dexamethasone may also be administered.

    Influenza Epidemiology and Risks

    • Influenza typically peaks in fall and winter, with children having the highest infection rates.
    • Individuals over 65 face the highest risk for complications, with 80-90% of deaths and 50-70% of hospitalizations occurring in this age group.

    Influenza Symptoms and Treatment

    • Symptoms present abruptly and may include fever, chills, headaches, muscle pain, congestion, and lesser common symptoms like vomiting in children.
    • Treatment focuses on supportive care; Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is effective within 48 hours of symptom onset, especially for high-risk patients.

    Rabies Overview

    • Caused by Rhabdovirus, transmitted through infected saliva from bites—common carriers include bats, raccoons, and skunks.
    • Initial symptoms may involve pain or pruritus at the bite site, progressing to CNS involvement, including confusion, hydrophobia, and paralysis.

    Rabies Diagnosis and Management

    • Diagnosis relies on PCR of saliva and serum anti-rabies antibodies; observation of the animal involved can provide insights.
    • Precautions include avoiding strenuous exercise post-bite to minimize splenic rupture risk.

    Complications of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

    • Rare complications include splenic rupture, airway obstruction due to lymphadenitis, and various malignancies like lymphomas and gastric carcinomas.

    Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Information

    • Also known as human herpes virus 5, typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals.
    • Can cause symptomatic infections like 'CMV mononucleosis,' presenting with fever and mild respiratory symptoms.

    CMV Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis involves detection of IgM antibodies for primary infections and IgG for reactivation.
    • Severe cases may require antivirals like Ganciclovir, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

    HIV Overview

    • The hallmark of symptomatic HIV infection is immunodeficiency due to ongoing viral replication, primarily targeting CD4 lymphocytes.
    • As infection progresses, CD4 counts decline, leading to increased immunological defects and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

    HIV Associated Infections and Diseases

    • Certain infections can arise at any CD4 count, while others become significant only when CD4 counts drop below critical levels.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the symptoms and transmission of nontyphoidal Salmonella and typhoid fever, including sources of infection and disease characteristics.

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