Salmonella Infections

Questions and Answers

What is the general prognosis for healthy individuals suffering from influenza?

Generally uncertain

Generally excellent (correct)

Generally poor

Dependent on age

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with the CNS stage of rabies?

Pain at or near the bite (correct)

Delirium

Hydrophobia

Acute ascending paralysis

What is the most common mode of transmission for rabies?

Infected saliva from animal bites (correct)

Direct contact with infected blood

Inhalation of airborne particles

Contaminated food and water

Which of the following is a diagnostic method for rabies?

PCR of saliva Signup and view all the answers

What complication is MOST commonly associated with fatalities resulting from influenza?

Bacterial pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What season do influenza epidemics typically occur in temperate climates?

Fall or Winter Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is at the highest risk for influenza-related complications?

Individuals over 65 Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are considered most common vectors for rabies transmission?

Bats and raccoons Signup and view all the answers

What supportive treatment is recommended for influenza if symptoms begin within 48 hours?

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of influenza?

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths from influenza occur in individuals over 65?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with wild animals that bite humans and are suspected to be rabid?

Decapitate and send the head for testing Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more common in children suffering from influenza?

Tracheal tenderness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered a high-risk comorbidity for influenza complications?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical onset of fever in individuals infected with influenza?

Abrupt onset Signup and view all the answers

Which sign may be present during an influenza infection, albeit less commonly in adults?

Conjunctival redness Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are common to both nontyphoidal Salmonella and typhoid fever?

Headaches Signup and view all the answers

In the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis, which of the following is most critical?

Lumbar puncture and CSF examination Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic symptom is specifically associated with typhoid fever?

Rose spots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the transmission of typhoid fever?

Consuming undercooked poultry Signup and view all the answers

What is the empiric treatment recommended for most patients with acute bacterial meningitis?

Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

Which population is at increased risk for Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Immunocompromised individuals, including the elderly Signup and view all the answers

Which stool study result is indicative of severe dysentery in nontyphoidal Salmonella infection?

Positive stool culture Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is considered a more advanced sign of nausea in acute bacterial meningitis?

Altered mental status Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of excessive exercise in patients with mononucleosis?

Splenic rupture Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT commonly associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?

CMV retinitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following manifestations is rare in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Cervical lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of IgM antibodies indicate in a patient suspected of having CMV mononucleosis?

Primary CMV infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation in patients who are immunocompromised and experience reactivation of Cytomegalovirus?

CMV esophagitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with the transmission of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Congenital infections Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Cytomegalovirus, what is the significance of 'Owl’s eye' appearance in tissue biopsy?

Identifies CMV reactivation Signup and view all the answers

Which complication of EBV infection is related to malignant conditions?

Lymphomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the main immune cell type targeted by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

CD4 lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the CD4 lymphocyte count over time with HIV infection?

It decreases progressively Signup and view all the answers

Besides quantitative abnormalities, what other defect is observed in immunologic responses associated with HIV?

Qualitative defects in lymphocyte function Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is Ganciclovir particularly associated with?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) related diseases Signup and view all the answers

What key receptor does HIV utilize to attach to and infect cells?

CD4 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark feature of symptomatic HIV infection?

Immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells can be infected by HIV?

Any cell expressing CD4 receptors Signup and view all the answers

Certain infections associated with HIV occur at any CD4 count. Which statement best describes this?

They are common regardless of CD4 levels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nontyphoidal and Typhoid Salmonella Infections

Nontyphoidal Salmonella linked to poultry, eggs, milk, reptiles, and exotic pets.
Symptoms include malaise, headaches, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea, which may be bloody.
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, primarily transmitted via fecal-oral route, associated with poor sanitation.
Symptoms of typhoid fever include chills, abdominal pain, fever, 'pea soup' diarrhea, and rose spots—a faint rash that spreads from the abdomen.

Diagnosis and Treatment for Salmonella

Diagnosis involves stool culture and identification of fecal WBCs and RBCs.
Treatment includes oral hydration and electrolyte replacement; antibiotics prescribed for typhoidal Salmonella.
For nontyphoidal Salmonella, antibiotics are only given for severe cases with high fever and positive stool culture.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Common bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Neisseria meningitidis (most prevalent in individuals 10-19), Listeria monocytogenes (greater risk in immunocompromised groups).
Symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, photosensitivity, and other meningeal signs; severe cases can lead to confusion, seizures, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis and Management of Meningitis

Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and CSF examination; Head CT may be needed to rule out intracranial masses if suspected.
Treatment generally includes antibiotics like Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone; dexamethasone may also be administered.

Influenza Epidemiology and Risks

Influenza typically peaks in fall and winter, with children having the highest infection rates.
Individuals over 65 face the highest risk for complications, with 80-90% of deaths and 50-70% of hospitalizations occurring in this age group.

Influenza Symptoms and Treatment

Symptoms present abruptly and may include fever, chills, headaches, muscle pain, congestion, and lesser common symptoms like vomiting in children.
Treatment focuses on supportive care; Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is effective within 48 hours of symptom onset, especially for high-risk patients.

Rabies Overview

Caused by Rhabdovirus, transmitted through infected saliva from bites—common carriers include bats, raccoons, and skunks.
Initial symptoms may involve pain or pruritus at the bite site, progressing to CNS involvement, including confusion, hydrophobia, and paralysis.

Rabies Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis relies on PCR of saliva and serum anti-rabies antibodies; observation of the animal involved can provide insights.
Precautions include avoiding strenuous exercise post-bite to minimize splenic rupture risk.

Complications of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Rare complications include splenic rupture, airway obstruction due to lymphadenitis, and various malignancies like lymphomas and gastric carcinomas.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Information

Also known as human herpes virus 5, typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals.
Can cause symptomatic infections like 'CMV mononucleosis,' presenting with fever and mild respiratory symptoms.

CMV Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves detection of IgM antibodies for primary infections and IgG for reactivation.
Severe cases may require antivirals like Ganciclovir, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

HIV Overview

The hallmark of symptomatic HIV infection is immunodeficiency due to ongoing viral replication, primarily targeting CD4 lymphocytes.
As infection progresses, CD4 counts decline, leading to increased immunological defects and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

HIV Associated Infections and Diseases

Certain infections can arise at any CD4 count, while others become significant only when CD4 counts drop below critical levels.

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Description

This quiz covers the symptoms and transmission of nontyphoidal Salmonella and typhoid fever, including sources of infection and disease characteristics.