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What best describes exceptionality?
Conformity only involves legal norms that are codified.
False
What term is used to describe behavior that deviates from societal norms?
deviance
Norms that guide appropriate behavior in a culture are often referred to as _____ of decency and conventionality.
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Match the following types of deviance with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?
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Taboos generally have no relevance to cultural practices and behaviors.
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In the context of social behaviors, what do sanctions refer to?
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Which of the following practices is NOT typically observed in Western cultures?
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Muslims abstain from consuming alcohol.
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What are the three main causes of social change?
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In the Philippines, cultural beliefs about dangerous zones in forests and fishing grounds create ____ on the use of resources.
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Match the following causes of social change with their definitions:
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Which animal is considered deviant to eat in Western countries but is a staple in parts of Africa and Asia?
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Enculturation occurs only through formal education.
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What term describes the total assimilation of culture, leading to changes in worldviews and attitudes?
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What is the primary distinction between gender and sex?
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Socioeconomic status is categorized based on income levels and privileges within society.
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What are the three main classes of socioeconomic status identified in the Philippines?
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An ethnic group is defined by a shared set of ________ features that distinguish them from others.
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Match the following class categories with their average annual income (in pesos):
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Which of the following statements about cultural taboos is true?
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Conformity involves individuals overriding their personal beliefs to align with group norms.
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What term describes the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female?
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Study Notes
Food Taboos
- Hindus are prohibited from eating beef.
- Muslims and Jews abstain from eating pork.
- Muslims abstain from eating blood and alcohol.
- Eating dog or cat is considered deviant in Western cultures.
- Eating dog or cat is common in Africa and Asia.
- Rodents and insects are considered disease carriers in Western cultures.
- Rodents and insects are popular staples in Africa and Asia.
Folklore and Taboos
- Folklore can be used as a form of taboo.
- In the Philippines, dangerous zones are believed to exist, discouraging people from entering the deep forest and fishing grounds.
- These beliefs influence the people's norms and taboos on the use of resources, including when, what, and how to use them.
Social Change
- Social change refers to variations or modifications in the patterns of social organization within a society.
- Three primary causes of social change include:
- Invention - new use of existing knowledge and produces new objects, ideas, and social patterns.
- Material inventions - bow and arrow, mobile phone, airplane
- Social inventions - alphabet, texting, "jejemon"
- Discovery - reorganizing existing elements of the world that were not noticed before.
- Diffusion - the spread of cultural traits from one group to another.
- Invention - new use of existing knowledge and produces new objects, ideas, and social patterns.
Cultural Diffusion
- Culture spreads through:
- Enculturation - learning from another culture. Education is the most popular form.
- Socialization - learning through constant exposure and experience to a culture.
- Association - establishing a connection with a culture, bridging areas of convergence and cultural symbiosis.
- Integration - the total assimilation of a culture, manifesting in changes to worldviews, attitudes, behavior, and perspectives.
Political Change
- Youth awareness and active participation during elections represent a form of political change.
Exceptionality
- Exceptionality refers to being intellectually gifted or having physically or mentally challenged conditions concerning personality/behavior, communication, intellect, physical appearance, or a combination.
Nationality
- Nationality is the legal relationship that binds a person to a country.
- It provides a sense of identity and belongingness.
Norms
- Every society has its own norms to follow.
- These norms serve as guides or models of behavior that influence how people behave.
- Norms are often in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions that are strictly followed by people who adhere to certain conventions and perform specific roles.
Norms of Decency and Conventionality
- Norms of appropriateness or decency commonly exhibited in:
- The type of clothing a person wears on a specific occasion.
- Manners and behaviors that show a person's refinement and civility.
- The use of appropriate words and gestures that convey politeness.
Norms of Conventionality
- Norms of conventionality encompasses beliefs and practices acceptable within a certain culture but may be considered inimical to other cultures.
Conformity
- Every society has a form of social control, a set of means that ensure people behave in expected and approved ways.
- All norms, whether codified or not, are supported by sanctions: rewards for conformity and punishments for non-conformity.
- Conformity is defined as the state of having internalized norms as part of social expectation.
- As individuals conform to an established norm, it becomes a convention.
- Conventional norms exert more sanctions in society as it is tantamount to public approval and recognition.
Deviance
- Despite the tendency of social control to enforce conformity, there are forms of behavior that are distinctly set away from a norm.
- This is referred to as deviant behavior or nonconformity.
- Two types of deviant behavior are:
- Formal Deviance - Includes robbery, theft, rape, graft, and other forms of criminality.
- Informal Deviance - Not codified into law, such as spitting on the street, belching loudly, or picking one's nose.
Power Struggle
- Deviance is also seen as a form of power struggle, favouring the interests of the rich, political dynasties, and monopolies.
Gender
- Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of being male or female.
- Society divides humanity into two distinctive categories based on sex.
Gender Roles
- While sex centers on biological differences, gender is the culturally-learned difference between men and women.
- The level of masculinity and femininity varies from one culture to another, based on societal dictates of productive and reproductive roles (gender roles).
Gender Inequality
- Gender operates as a dimension of inequality.
Socioeconomic Status
- Socioeconomic status refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same socioeconomic privileges in a society.
Social Classes in the Philippines
- Three types of social classes are identified in the Philippines: upper, middle, and lower classes.
- Upper Class - Elite families: the new rich (nouveau riche) and traditional upper class.
- Middle Class - Small business and industry operators, managers, professionals, office workers, and farm owners with sufficient income.
- Lower Class - Unskilled artisans, service workers, unemployed/underemployed, and indigent families.
Socioeconomic Status (A-E)
- Classes A, B, C, D, and E, based on % share in the number of families and average annual income:
- Class A and B - 1% of families, Average Annual Income 1,857,000 pesos
- Class C - 9% of families, Average Annual Income 603,000 pesos
- Class D - 60% of families, Average Annual Income 191,000 pesos
- Class E - 30% of families, Average Annual Income 62,000 pesos
Ethnicity
- Ethnicity is the most potent cultural concept, representing the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group.
Ethnic Group
- An ethnic group refers to people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct and unique based on distinguishable cultural features that set them apart from others, such as language, ancestry, common origin, customs, and traditions.
Religion
- Religion is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural.
- It includes associated ceremonial or ritualistic practices that people use to interpret this realm.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of food taboos and their cultural implications. This quiz delves into various beliefs surrounding food practices in different cultures and the roots of social change. Understand how folklore and societal norms shape dietary habits and social organization.
