Food Science: General and Food Microbiology

Study Notes

The course includes 30 hours of lectures and 30 hours of laboratory classes
Laboratory classes will be held at the Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology
Students are required to obtain specific materials, including a white cotton lab coat, a student's notebook, and other laboratory equipment

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, defined by the size of the organisms studied and the techniques employed
The study of microorganisms spans from ancient times to the present day, with contributions from scientists such as Roger Bacon, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, and Louis Pasteur
The spontaneous generation theory was disproved by scientists such as Francesco Redi, John Needham, and Lazzaro Spallanzani, leading to the development of modern microbiology

Light microscopy uses a system of optical lenses to produce an image
Electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons to produce an image
Types of light microscopy include:
- Bright-field microscopy
- Dark-field microscopy
- Phase contrast microscopy
- Differential interference contrast microscopy
- Fluorescence microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are two types of electron microscopy

Microorganisms can be classified based on their size, shape, and structure
The classification of microorganisms includes taxonomy, nomenclature, and identification
Taxonomic ranks include domain, division, class, order, family, genus, and species
Phylogenetic trees are used to represent the evolutionary relationships between microorganisms

The tree of life represents the evolutionary relationships between all living organisms
The tree of life is divided into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Key events in the history of life on Earth include the formation of the Earth, the emergence of life, and the development of multicellular life

Taxonomy is the classification of microorganisms based on their mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness
Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships between microorganisms
Taxonomic ranks include domain, division, class, order, family, genus, and species
Phylogenetic trees are used to represent the evolutionary relationships between microorganisms### Cellular Characteristics
Bacteria and Archaea lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus with a nucleolus, whereas Eucarya have one.
Complex internal membranous organelles are absent in Bacteria and Archaea, but present in Eucarya.
Cell walls in Bacteria typically contain peptidoglycan with muramic acid, whereas Archaea have varied types without muramic acid, and Eucarya lack cell walls with muramic acid.

Bacteria have ester-linked, straight-chained fatty acids in their membrane lipids.
Archaea have ether-linked, branched aliphatic chains in their membrane lipids.
Eucarya have ester-linked, straight-chained fatty acids in their membrane lipids.

Gas vesicles are present in Bacteria and Archaea, but absent in Eucarya.
Metabolism and similar ATPase are present in all three domains.
Methanogenesis is absent in Bacteria, present in Archaea, and absent in Eucarya.
Nitrogen fixation is present in Bacteria and Archaea, but absent in Eucarya.
Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is present in Bacteria, absent in Archaea, and present in Eucarya.
Chemolithotrophy is present in Bacteria and Archaea, but absent in Eucarya.

Polycistronic mRNA is present in Bacteria and Archaea, but absent in Eucarya.
mRNA introns are absent in Bacteria and Archaea, but present in Eucarya.
mRNA splicing, capping, and poly(A)tailing are absent in Bacteria and Archaea, but present in Eucarya.

Bacteria and Archaea have 70S ribosomes, while Eucarya have 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes.

Bacteria have one DNA-dependent RNA polymerase with a simple subunit pattern.
Archaea have several DNA-dependent RNA polymerases with complex subunit patterns similar to eukaryotic enzymes.
Eucarya have three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases with complex subunit patterns.