Food Safety and Haudenosaunee Diet
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method for thawing meat?

  • Thawing on the counter at room temperature (correct)
  • Thawing in cold water, changing the water every 30 minutes
  • Thawing in the refrigerator overnight
  • Thawing in the microwave
  • What is the main reason for the decline in wild rice populations mentioned in the text?

  • Overharvesting by Indigenous communities
  • Increased competition from invasive species
  • Rising water levels due to the Trent-Severn waterway (correct)
  • Pollution from agricultural runoff
  • Which of the following foods is NOT mentioned as being susceptible to contamination by superbugs?

  • Chicken
  • Beef
  • Potatoes (correct)
  • Pork
  • What is the temperature range of the "Danger Zone" where bacteria multiplies most readily?

    <p>5-60 degrees Celsius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of antibiotics in food production?

    <p>Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (superbugs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of the new Eat Well Plate (EWP) guide?

    <p>It fails to emphasize the importance of cultural foods. (B), It relies too heavily on the opinions of lobby groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contribute to the high rates of food insecurity among Indigenous people in Canada?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct impact of climate change on food security?

    <p>Increased reliance on processed foods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason Health Canada recommends plant-based proteins?

    <p>Plant-based proteins are less harmful to the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "lobby group" refer to in relation to the EWP?

    <p>A group of individuals who advocate for the interests of a specific industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that contributes to food insecurity among Black people in Canada?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for promoting better eating behaviours according to the Eat Well Plate?

    <p>Choosing processed foods over fresh fruits and vegetables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a strategy for reducing our environmental impact on food systems?

    <p>Using single-use plastics for packaging food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'food desert'?

    <p>An area with limited access to affordable and healthy food options within a reasonable distance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following contribute to the growth of the microbiome?

    <p>A diet rich in fiber, polyphenols, fermented foods, and omega-3 fatty acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central argument made by Senator Cory Booker regarding the rise in diabetes rates among African Americans?

    <p>The prevalence of processed and fast foods in communities with limited access to healthy options contributes to higher diabetes rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key takeaway from 'Food Inc 2' regarding the meat industry?

    <p>The meat industry is driven by consolidation and corporate dominance, often at the expense of environmental sustainability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a solution proposed by the content to address the issues raised in the food system?

    <p>Educating consumers about food production and marketing practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the 'hidden from view' chapter in 'Food Inc 2'?

    <p>The focus on the social and economic inequalities of the food industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how does food marketing contribute to rising obesity rates?

    <p>By targeting specific demographics with misleading messages about food products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key finding highlighted by 'Food Inc 2' regarding food production and consumption?

    <p>Food companies are producing far more calories than necessary for human consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about proteins is correct?

    <p>High protein diets can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phytonutrients play in health?

    <p>They prevent DNA damage and aid in DNA repair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is known as the 'sunshine vitamin'?

    <p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of iron in the body?

    <p>To carry oxygen in red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive sodium intake?

    <p>Increased blood pressure due to water retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of consuming whole grains?

    <p>Lowering blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate is preferred for energy due to its fiber content?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is excessive consumption of dairy considered harmful?

    <p>It may lead to adverse health effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a vital role in promoting healthy digestion and regulation of blood sugar?

    <p>Fiber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat is classified as unhealthy and solid at room temperature?

    <p>Saturated fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of fat is considered beneficial for brain health?

    <p>Fish and nuts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily fiber intake for adults?

    <p>25-38 grams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for transporting fat-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of the Haudenosaunee + 3 Sisters food system?

    <p>Corn, beans, and squash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of the current reliance on fossil fuels for energy production?

    <p>Climate change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge faced by migrant workers in Canada?

    <p>Limited access to healthcare, substandard housing, and abuse from employers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does industrial agriculture contribute to climate change?

    <p>By contributing to deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Haudenosaunee people adapt corn for their own use?

    <p>They adapted corn from the Mexicans through trade and migration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the primary concern associated with the use of antibiotics in food production.

    <p>The primary concern is the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which could lead to infections that are difficult or impossible to treat with antibiotics. This poses a significant threat to human health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one strategy for reducing our environmental impact on food systems.

    <p>One strategy is to prioritize locally sourced food. This reduces transportation distances, minimizing carbon emissions and supporting local economies. It also emphasizes seasonal and sustainable farming practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'food desert' and what are the implications for communities that experience them?

    <p>A 'food desert' is an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food. This can lead to food insecurity, nutritional deficiencies, and higher rates of diet-related diseases in the affected communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how industrial agriculture contributes to climate change.

    <p>Industrial agriculture contributes to climate change through various means, including deforestation for agricultural expansion, greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, fertilizer production, and the use of fossil fuels in agricultural machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a major consequence of the current reliance on fossil fuels for energy production.

    <p>A major consequence is climate change, driven by the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. This leads to rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and other environmental changes that threaten human health and ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, what are the key biological and environmental factors that are increasing obesity rates instead of placing the blame solely on individual responsibility?

    <p>Biological factors like genetics and hormone regulation as well as environmental influences like socioeconomic status limiting access to healthy food options and fitness, processed, calorie-dense foods being more accessible and affordable, marketing strategies of the food industry, and mental health, weight stigma, all contribute to rising obesity rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the information about sugar consumption and its impacts presented in the text relate to the broader concerns about rising obesity rates and chronic diseases.

    <p>The text highlights the excessive consumption of added sugars, contributing to weight gain, fatty liver disease, insulin issues, and other chronic diseases. This connects directly to the broader concerns about rising obesity rates, as excessive sugar intake is a significant contributor to this issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key issue with the current food labeling system, and why is it problematic?

    <p>The current labeling system often fails to distinguish between naturally occurring sugars and added sugars. This makes it difficult for consumers to understand the true sugar content of a product and make informed choices about their dietary intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe two ways in which the information presented in 'Food Inc 2' connects to other units of study in the course.

    <p>'Food Inc 2' connects to other units by discussing migrant farm worker rights and the lack of health protections for them. This relates to discussions of labor exploitation and injustices experienced by marginalized groups. Additionally, the film's focus on the dominance of large corporations and consolidation within the food sector aligns with discussions about corporate power and its impact on various industries, including agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented in 'Food Inc 2' about the dominance of a small number of corporations in the food sector?

    <p>'Food Inc 2' argues that the dominance of a few large corporations in the food sector leads to various negative consequences, including the exploitation of both workers and the environment. This consolidation of power prioritizes profits over sustainability and ethical practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the concept of 'DV' (Daily Value) can assist consumers in making healthier food choices.

    <p>DV allows consumers to understand the percentage of a particular nutrient they are getting from a specific food item. This helps identify foods with high or low DV, promoting choices that meet nutritional needs and limit excessive intake of certain nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the statement that 'highly processed, calorie-dense, and nutritionally poor foods are more accessible and affordable?'

    <p>This statement implies that a lack of access to affordable, nutritious food contributes to rising obesity rates. The accessibility and affordability of processed foods over healthier options create a challenging environment for individuals seeking to make healthy choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central message conveyed by 'Food Inc 2' regarding the connection between industrial agriculture and climate change?

    <p>'Food Inc 2' highlights the detrimental impact of industrial agriculture on the environment, particularly in relation to climate change. It emphasizes the need for a shift towards more sustainable food production practices that prioritize environmental protection over profit maximization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can composting contribute to reducing food waste?

    <p>Composting transforms food scraps and organic waste into nutrient-rich soil, helping to divert waste from landfills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pesticides play in agriculture?

    <p>Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in crops, but their excessive use can lead to environmental and health concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major nutrients that are often of concern in food studies?

    <p>Nutrients of concern commonly include fiber, certain vitamins, and minerals, which are essential for a balanced diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of superbugs and their relation to food production.

    <p>Superbugs are antibiotic-resistant bacteria that have evolved due to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of seasonal foods in sustainable eating habits?

    <p>Seasonal foods are typically fresher, require less transportation, and can reduce the environmental impact of food production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does livestock raising contribute to climate change?

    <p>Livestock raising contributes to climate change primarily through methane emissions and land-use changes that can lead to deforestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the microbiome in relation to diet?

    <p>The microbiome, consisting of trillions of microorganisms in the gut, plays a vital role in digestion and overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of food safety, what are the key practices to prevent foodborne illnesses?

    <p>The key practices are to clean, separate, cook, and chill food properly to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does food security highlight disparities in access to healthy food in different countries?

    <p>Food security reveals how socio-economic conditions in developed countries often afford easier access to healthy foods, while developing countries struggle with limited resources and infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between industrial meat production and climate change?

    <p>Industrial meat production significantly contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and excessive water usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how understanding macronutrients can benefit overall health.

    <p>Knowledge of macronutrients allows individuals to choose foods that provide necessary energy and support bodily functions, thus promoting long-term health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to critically evaluate food marketing strategies?

    <p>Evaluating food marketing helps identify misleading claims on labels, leading to more informed and healthier food choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the history of residential schools reflect issues of social justice in Canadian food policies?

    <p>The exploitation of Indigenous children in residential schools revealed ethical violations, including their lack of consent in nutritional studies, reflecting broader injustices faced by Indigenous peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the environmental benefits of adopting plant-based diets?

    <p>Plant-based diets lower carbon footprints, reduce water usage, and diminish pollution associated with meat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways can understanding gut microbiome impact mental health?

    <p>The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in digestion and immunity, and its balance is linked to mental health, influencing mood and cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should HFA4U be considered a mandatory course for students?

    <p>HFA4U equips students with essential knowledge about food security, health, environmental impact, and social justice, empowering them to make informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the production of cultured and plant-based meats address environmental concerns?

    <p>These alternatives require less land, water, and feed, thereby reducing the carbon footprint associated with traditional meat production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance does Senator Cory Booker take on health issues related to food systems?

    <p>He believes labeling health-related issues as a 'moral failure' is misleading and emphasizes that the addictive nature of the food system plays a key role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some contributing factors to the higher diabetes rates in African American communities?

    <p>A greater availability of processed foods and the economic necessity for low-income families to purchase fast food are major factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do ultra-processed foods have on calorie consumption according to NIH research?

    <p>Participants consumed an additional 500 calories when on a diet consisting of 80% ultra-processed foods compared to 0% ultra-processed foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main consequences of excess and deficiency of regulated hormones?

    <p>Excess can lead to kidney stones, while deficiency can cause growth failure and muscle loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solutions are proposed at the end of 'Food Inc 2' to address food system issues?

    <p>Solutions include solar-powered cropping, Brazil's meal program, and government subsidies for healthy foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is food marketing linked to rising obesity rates?

    <p>Aggressive marketing of ultra-processed foods influences consumer choices, leading to higher consumption of unhealthy options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vitamins contribute to the body's functioning?

    <p>Vitamins regulate body functions and help extract energy from food, with some acting as antioxidants or coenzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trace minerals in the body?

    <p>Trace minerals are essential for functions such as the formation of hemoglobin in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do warning labels play in addressing unhealthy food consumption?

    <p>Warning labels help inform consumers about unhealthy ingredients, potentially guiding them towards better food choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways does the food system contribute to societal health disparities?

    <p>The availability of processed and cheap food options in low-income areas leads to increased rates of obesity and related health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define phytochemicals and their importance in health.

    <p>Phytochemicals, produced by plants, enhance immune response and reduce the risk of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes whole grains from refined grains, and why is one healthier?

    <p>Whole grains include the entire grain kernel, making them healthier, whereas refined grains lack essential nutrients and fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of fats, and how does each type affect health?

    <p>Saturated fats are unhealthy (e.g., dairy, meat), unsaturated fats are healthy (e.g., oils, nuts), and trans fats are banned in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the body when carbohydrates are insufficient in the diet?

    <p>Insufficient carbohydrates can lead to fatigue, as they are the body’s primary energy source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the connection between probiotics and mental health.

    <p>Eating probiotics can decrease the risk of depression and anxiety, indicating a link between gut health and mental well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Food Safety

    • Cross Contamination: Do not wash meat. Thaw meat in the refrigerator, microwave (defrost), or cold water (changed every 30 minutes). Raw food can transfer pathogens to other foods.

    • Danger Zone: Foodborne illnesses proliferate in the temperature range of 5-60 degrees Celsius. Refrigerators should be set to 4 degrees Celsius.

    • Superbugs: Bacteria, like Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli, can become resistant to antibiotics. Food producers often use antibiotics in animal feed, leading to the development of superbugs.

    • Wild Rice Wars: James Whetung has been cultivating wild rice, which people believe is a treaty right. Concerns exist that wild rice interferes with recreational activities and damages shorelines leading to disputes.

    Important Foods of Haudenosaunee

    • Three Sisters: Corn, beans, and squash are important agricultural products.

    • Corn: Used for soups, flour, bread, and more.

    • Beans, wild berries, nuts, maple syrup: Other significant ingredients.

    • Unleavened corn bread: Baked using hot ashes with dried fruit and meat.

    • Adapted corn cultivation: Adapted farming practices from Mexican trade and migration

    Migrant Workers

    • Low wages, poor living conditions, and lack of access to healthcare: Migrant workers face harsh realities.
    • Limited access to healthcare: Many types of abuses, and substandard housing.
    • Work hours cut: Denying essential protections under labor laws.
    • Illegal recruitment: Recruitment fees exploited by employers.
    • Confiscated documents: Prevents workers from leaving jobs without risk of deportation.

    Climate Change and Food

    • Water use and pollution: Agriculture consumes 70% of global freshwater, damaging arid regions and polluting water sources.
    • GHG emissions: Food production and livestock digestion release greenhouse gases.
    • Land use: Half of Earth's habitable land is dedicated to growing food, impacting ecosystems.

    Environmental Issues and Food

    • Single-use plastics: Single-use plastics are harmful to the environment.
    • Single-use water bottles: Reducing plastic use is crucial.
    • Local/seasonal foods: Eating local foods reduces the carbon footprint.
    • Composting and food waste reduction: Composting and reducing food waste benefits the environment.
    • Pesticides & agricultural practices: Pesticides in agriculture harm the environment.
    • Livestock raising: Livestock raise significant environmental issues.
    • Bees disappearing & CO2 methane: Environmental concerns impact bees and other ecosystems.

    Eat Well Plate / Canada Food Guide

    • Limit sugar and caffeine: Opt for water!
    • Make half your plate fruit and vegetables
    • EWP Food Behaviors: Eat at appropriate times, prepare most meals at home, enjoy meals with others. Use food labels, limit processed foods, learn that marketing impacts food choices

    Plant Based Proteins

    • Health benefits: Lower saturated fat, more fiber.
    • Recommendations: Health Canada recommends plant-based proteins for heart health.

    Whole Grains

    • Health benefits: Control cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease.

    Role of Milk

    • Change in recommendations: The role of milk was changed in the Canada Food Guide due to negative health consequences and dairy industry pushing for it previously.

    Macronutrients and Micronutrients

    • Carbohydrates: Simple and complex. Complex carbs are healthier.
    • Fats: Insulation, brain health, and vitamin transport. Unsaturated are better.
    • Proteins: Building blocks needed for body functions.
    • Phytonutrients: Produced by plants which boost immune systems and can help lessen the risks of some cancers.
    • Vitamin D: Gainable from sunshine, some foods or supplements.

    Nutrients of Concern

    • Calcium & Iron: Essential for healthy bones and overall health.
    • Sodium: Excess sodium can cause high blood pressure.

    Food Security

    • Poverty, Gender, Black, Indigenous, and Climate change: Key factors influencing food security concerns.

    Documentary: Before the Flood

    • Climate Change Causes: Discusses factors that drive climate change in relation to the environment.
    • Food Impacts: Explains how food production leads to negative environmental outcomes.
      • Solutions: Provides possible ways to mitigate negative environmental issues in relation to food production.

    Food Inc. Part 2

    • Farm worker rights: Highlights the struggles of migrant farm workers and concerns about worker rights.
    • Food industry consolidation: Discusses the dominance of large corporations in the food industry and the potential negative impacts of this consolidation on competition.
    • Environmental Costs of Meat Production: Discusses environmental harms associated with meat production.
    • Food Marketing Strategies: Discusses misleading food marketing practices, which may contribute to increased rates of obesity and other conditions.
    • Nutrient Dense Foods: Importance of more nutrient-dense foods in diets.

    Warning Labels and Subsidies

    • Warning labels: Importance of clearer warnings.
    • Governments Subsidies and healthy/unhealthy calories: Government subsidies (of unhealthy foods) impact food industry and consumer health.
    • Fresh produce: importance of direct sourcing.
    • Warning labels: Done in Brazil.
    • Fresh produce: Straight from farms to cafeterias for children.
    • Healthy vs. Unhealthy Subsidies: Governments may subsidize unhealthy calories, while neglecting healthy ones.

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    Description

    Explore the crucial principles of food safety, including cross-contamination and the significance of the danger zone in temperature management. Additionally, learn about essential foods in the Haudenosaunee culture, particularly the 'Three Sisters'—corn, beans, and squash—and their roles in traditional diets.

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