Food Choice Based on Logue Ch. 5 & 6

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Questions and Answers

What is one reason that reducing salt intake is challenging for the general population?

Salt is generally unhealthy and disliked.

People prefer unsalted food options.

Salt is primarily consumed in its natural form.

Processed foods contain excessive amounts of salt. (correct)

What phenomenon explains why the cystic fibrosis mutation persists in populations?

Heterozygote advantage which provides benefits during diarrhea. (correct)

Preference for salt among carriers.

Resistance to other genetic diseases.

Increased reproduction rates among carriers.

Why do neonates exhibit distaste for bitter flavors?

They have an innate sensitivity to toxins. (correct)

Bitter tastes are associated with high sugar content.

Bitter flavors are linked to high calorie foods.

They develop a taste preference influenced by parents.

What role does salt play in processed meats?

It contributes to cost reduction and shelf life. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the cystic fibrosis gene have on salt excretion in carriers?

Carriers excrete less salt than non-carriers. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australians is currently classified as overweight or obese?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dietary factor linked to colon cancer?

Processed meats Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected obesity rate in Australia by 2025?

1 in 3 Australians Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated cost spent on diet-related diseases annually in Australia?

$1 billion Signup and view all the answers

What dietary choice is crucial for avoiding heart disease?

Lower saturated fat intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an innate food preference mentioned in the content?

Sour Signup and view all the answers

What was the turnover of processed food manufacture in Australia over the last decade?

$74 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional trait may influence food neophobia?

Cautiousness Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding food preferences vital for the food industry?

To increase sales and create new products Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals generally prefers sweetened over non-sweetened foods?

All animals except certain carnivores Signup and view all the answers

Why is the taste of bitterness significant in food selection?

It serves as a signal for potential toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by the Aymara people regarding their dietary preferences?

They reject bitterness at lower concentrations than other groups. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change typically occurs in humans regarding lactase production?

Lactase production ceases around the age of 2-3 years in most humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which population is noted for accepting higher levels of bitterness in their diet?

Tamarind consuming peoples from India Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason that Northern Europeans can drink milk into adulthood?

Their exposure to milk from a young age allows for continued lactase production. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does exposure to bitter foods in early life potentially have on preferences?

It can lead to a preference for bitter foods. Signup and view all the answers

What compounds found in potatoes can be harmful due to their bitter taste?

Solanine and chaconine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sugar present in milk that contributes to its slightly sweet taste?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of learned likes in food preferences?

They assist in identifying foods via sight and smell that are likely to taste good. Signup and view all the answers

How can associating a food flavour with sweetness impact preferences?

It can lead to a dislike for foods perceived as overly bitter or sour. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the relationship between drug-flavour learning and caffeine?

Individuals may prefer flavours connected to caffeine, especially if they have missed their coffee. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'medicine effect' relate to in terms of learned preferences?

Associating a flavour with a positive feeling from effective medication. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation regarding learned likes and dislikes is noted in the context of ecological validity?

The learned preferences may not accurately reflect real-life food choices. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Davis reach regarding self-selection in diet?

Self-selection lacks value when only inferior foods are available. Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral change may occur in rats when deprived of thiamine?

They selectively consume more thiamine-rich food. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant limitation of early studies on dietary choices in animals?

They often lacked proper statistical analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What do animals tend to prefer when more palatable options are available?

More enjoyable but less nutritious food. Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical misunderstanding regarding scurvy in the past?

It was believed to be caused by syphilis. Signup and view all the answers

What major breakthrough was required to identify the link between diet and scurvy?

The world’s first clinical trial. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception exists regarding the body's ability to differentiate types of illness?

There is confusion between pathogen-induced illness and nutritional deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

How did early European Navies suffer from poor diets?

They often experienced high rates of vitamin C deficiency leading to scurvy. Signup and view all the answers

What does the overall animal dietary choice data suggest?

There is no overall evidence that animals can self-select healthy diets. Signup and view all the answers

What role does palatability play in dietary choices of animals?

Palatability often leads to the selection of less nutritious options. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism is involved in the perception of sweetness?

The chorda tympani nerve has more fibres for sweetness than for other tastes. Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the preference for sweetness typically at its peak?

Around 15 years old Signup and view all the answers

What effect does naloxone have on adults regarding sweetness preference?

It reduces sweet liking. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions causes abdominal pain and discomfort in its sufferers when consuming sugar-rich foods?

Fructose intolerance Signup and view all the answers

What does the inverted U-shaped liking response to sucrose indicate?

There is an optimal concentration that maximizes sweet preference. Signup and view all the answers

What critical role does salt play in the human diet?

It is a crucial component for nerve function. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that liking for sweetness may be genetically influenced?

Sucrose liking can be bred in rats through selective breeding. Signup and view all the answers

How has cultural exposure to sweet foods been illustrated?

All cultures readily consume sweet foods when introduced to them. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological response is observed when children are exposed to sweet tastes?

It reduces pain during procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suggested reason for the decline in sweetness preference with age?

Decreased exposure to sweet foods. Signup and view all the answers

What substance is thought to be involved in the reward response linked to sweet taste?

Endogenous opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event in India highlights the importance of salt?

The Salt March led by Gandhi. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon in rats connects sucrose intake to pain tolerance?

Rats fed sucrose can endure more pain on tests. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sweetness receptors is observed in 'supertasters'?

They have more sweetness receptors, requiring less sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Food Choice I

The broader problem of food choice, innate factors, and Logue Ch.5 are discussed.
Appetite: The psychology of eating and drinking is covered.
Factors dictating human food choice:
- Liking and preference are defined, preference as relative (e.g., stale bread vs. fried spider) and liking as absolute (neither).
- The broader problem illustrated on the next slide is about human food choice.

Food Choice II, Based on Logue Ch 6

This lecture examines the contribution of biology, experience, and development to food choice.
There are three main aspects:
- Biological need model, where the body drives food choice to meet specific nutritional needs.
  - Example: The body seeks iron-rich foods if deficient in iron.
- Experiential factors, where past experiences with food affect current preferences.
  - Mechanisms such as learned associations, social learning, and mere exposure to food.
- A comparison of how babies go from consuming only milk to enjoying a variety of adult foods
The wisdom of the body, is a complex biological theory of food choice, which is questioned.
The role of neophobia (an innate aversion response) influences eating and dislike.

Physiology and Genetic Evidence I

The tongue has a sweet receptor that activates the chorda tympani nerve to the brain's reward areas.
Genetic evidence: Studies on fructose intolerance, and the fact that preference for sweet foods can be bred into rats as a genetic trait.
- Studies done on babies and neonates to determine how humans react to sweet/sugar.
There are continued questions on the effect of experience on sweetness preference, and the body's mechanisms for building an innate preference.

Physiology and Genetic Evidence II

Continued discussion of genetic evidence and its relation to liking sweetness and, by extension, other tastes.
The effect of genetics on salt preference.
Evidence of a genetic predisposition for salt craving in humans and animals, linked to survival.
Genetic evidence on lactose preference and tolerance.
The effect of genetics and past exposure on liking of a new food.

Advertising

Impact of advertising on food choices, particularly for children.
The high volume of food advertising, especially for unhealthy products.
Food marketing to children and potential impacts.
TV advertising is the most powerful form of social learning.

Social learning plays a role in altering food preferences; this can be observed in animals and children.
Social learning factors (e.g. what is eaten with family and friends, peers).
Social-cognitive factors, such as observing or copying other people's behaviour, can affect food preferences.
Mechanisms of social influence on food choices.

Learned Liking and Disliking

How learned associations with foods, flavours, and other features affect preferences (and dislikes).
Associating a food flavour with calories, and associating flavour with sweetness.
The importance of medicine's flavour to healing perceptions.
Mechanisms of learning learned dislikes, especially associations of food or flavour with negative consequences.

The Wisdom of the body

The idea that our bodies select a nutritionally complete diet.
Historical studies on human toddlers demonstrate complexity in food choices, challenging the idea that bodies choose a perfect diet.

Conclusion

Food choice is affected by a combination of innate and experiential factors, from social interactions to cultural norms, advertising messages, and individual needs.
The importance of cultural contexts on food choices is also discussed.

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Description

Explore the psychology of food choice as discussed in Logue Chapters 5 and 6. This quiz delves into innate factors, biological needs, and the impact of past experiences on our appetite and preferences. Understand how these elements dictate human food choices and preferences.