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Questions and Answers
What is the average daily water intake recommended for men according to Harvard Medical School?
What is the average daily water intake recommended for men according to Harvard Medical School?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing individual water needs?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing individual water needs?
What is distilled water primarily produced by?
What is distilled water primarily produced by?
Which of these signs might indicate dehydration?
Which of these signs might indicate dehydration?
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What type of bottled water is purified by using ion-exchange resins?
What type of bottled water is purified by using ion-exchange resins?
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What is the common term used to describe water's ability to dissolve many substances?
What is the common term used to describe water's ability to dissolve many substances?
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Which type of beverage includes coffee and tea?
Which type of beverage includes coffee and tea?
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Which of the following is a quick sign of dehydration?
Which of the following is a quick sign of dehydration?
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What is the main effect of roasting coffee beans?
What is the main effect of roasting coffee beans?
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Which factor does NOT affect the quality of coffee after roasting?
Which factor does NOT affect the quality of coffee after roasting?
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What is the typical water to coffee ratio preferred in American brewing?
What is the typical water to coffee ratio preferred in American brewing?
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Which brewing method utilizes high-pressure steam to extract coffee?
Which brewing method utilizes high-pressure steam to extract coffee?
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What is the process used to make instant coffee that preserves better aroma?
What is the process used to make instant coffee that preserves better aroma?
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Which factor is NOT a key consideration for coffee brewing?
Which factor is NOT a key consideration for coffee brewing?
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Which of the following describes the composition of crema in espresso?
Which of the following describes the composition of crema in espresso?
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What is a common reason for quality deterioration of coffee after roasting?
What is a common reason for quality deterioration of coffee after roasting?
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Which mineral is NOT commonly discussed in the context of water hardness?
Which mineral is NOT commonly discussed in the context of water hardness?
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What is the primary cause of water intoxication?
What is the primary cause of water intoxication?
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Under U.S. standards, what is the range for soft water in terms of calcium carbonate concentration?
Under U.S. standards, what is the range for soft water in terms of calcium carbonate concentration?
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Which type of water is characterized by having CO2 either naturally dissolved or added through carbonation?
Which type of water is characterized by having CO2 either naturally dissolved or added through carbonation?
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What is the primary concern regarding drinking water in developing countries?
What is the primary concern regarding drinking water in developing countries?
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Which of the following conditions is a symptom of hyponatremia caused by water intoxication?
Which of the following conditions is a symptom of hyponatremia caused by water intoxication?
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Which is NOT a potential hazard associated with water contamination according to WHO guidelines?
Which is NOT a potential hazard associated with water contamination according to WHO guidelines?
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What is the primary active ingredient commonly found in water purification tablets?
What is the primary active ingredient commonly found in water purification tablets?
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What is the primary characteristic of washed coffee beans?
What is the primary characteristic of washed coffee beans?
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Which processing method involves laying coffee cherries out for sun-drying?
Which processing method involves laying coffee cherries out for sun-drying?
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What happens during the roasting process of coffee beans?
What happens during the roasting process of coffee beans?
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Which of the following coffee processing methods is the most traditional?
Which of the following coffee processing methods is the most traditional?
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In the washed coffee process, what is done after the cherries are placed in water tanks?
In the washed coffee process, what is done after the cherries are placed in water tanks?
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What is the purpose of frequent raking and turning of coffee cherries during natural processing?
What is the purpose of frequent raking and turning of coffee cherries during natural processing?
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What is the final step in the processing of both washed and natural coffee beans?
What is the final step in the processing of both washed and natural coffee beans?
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What type of coffee bean, among Arabica and Robusta, is generally known for having the best clarity of flavor?
What type of coffee bean, among Arabica and Robusta, is generally known for having the best clarity of flavor?
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Which of the following best describes the Swiss Water Process used in decaffeination?
Which of the following best describes the Swiss Water Process used in decaffeination?
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What is the defining characteristic of black tea compared to green and oolong teas?
What is the defining characteristic of black tea compared to green and oolong teas?
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Which process is primarily responsible for the oxidation that occurs in black tea?
Which process is primarily responsible for the oxidation that occurs in black tea?
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What is one of the main benefits associated with caffeine consumption?
What is one of the main benefits associated with caffeine consumption?
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Which method of decaffeination avoids the use of chemical solvents entirely?
Which method of decaffeination avoids the use of chemical solvents entirely?
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How many leaves are needed to produce one pound of manufactured tea?
How many leaves are needed to produce one pound of manufactured tea?
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Which of the following types of teas is correctly classified as unfermented?
Which of the following types of teas is correctly classified as unfermented?
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How is Pu-erh tea primarily processed?
How is Pu-erh tea primarily processed?
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Study Notes
FNSC2001: Intro to Food Science & Technology - Coffee & Tea
- Global Beverage Market forecast: 3.5% CAGR
- 2021 Market Value: USD 1,568.39 billion
- 2028 Market Value: USD 1,991.85 billion
Beverages
- Aromatic Beverages (Coffee and Tea)
- Water
- Carbonated beverages
- Functional beverages
- Fruit/vegetable beverages
- Dairy beverages
- Alcoholic beverages
Water
- "Universal solvent"
- Transports substances (e.g., oxygen, nutrients) and removes waste
- Regulates body temperature
- Harvard Medical School suggests average daily water intake: ~15.5 cups for men and ~11.5 cups for women (healthy individuals)
- Factors influencing water needs include activity level, temperature, individual conditions, and age.
- Dehydration symptoms: dark yellow urine, dizziness/confusion/weakness, low blood pressure.
Bottled Water
- Purification methods: distillation (boiling and condensation) or deionization (using ion-exchange resins/beads)
Other Types of Drinkable Water
- Mineral Water: Naturally contains minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, etc.) e.g., spring, well, artesian water
- Sparkling Water: Naturally contains dissolved CO₂ or is carbonated (soda water)
Water Quality
- Hard Water vs. Soft Water: Water contains dissolved minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium) from natural sources.
- No universal standard for hardness. Hardness, mainly from calcium and magnesium, is often measured based on calcium carbonate levels.
- Different regions/standards exist, such as US and Canada, using ppm as the unit.
- pH of water varies geographically and with temperature (due to CO2 solubility).
Risks of Drinking Water
- Water Intoxication: Drinking large quantities of water can cause imbalance of electrolytes (Na+) leading to hyponatremia. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, coma.
- Water Contamination (e.g., in developing countries): Microbial hazards (Vibrio cholerae, parasites) Chemicals (heavy metals), and radiological hazards.
Coffee
- Origin: Africa (Ethiopia), ~ 3rd century AD
- Composition: Water + Compounds extracted from coffee beans during brewing
- Species: Coffee arabica & Coffee robusta
Coffee Beans: Arabica vs. Robusta
- Climate: Mild (Arabica) vs. Warm (Robusta)
- Altitude: 600-2200M (Arabica) vs. 0-800M (Robusta)
- Other features such as leaf size, bean shape, caffeine %, and quality are tabulated for comparison.
Coffee Bean Processing
- Harvesting: Hand-picked coffee cherries
- Processing Methods: Washed, Natural (Dry/Sun-dry), Semi-washed (Wet Hulled), Honey
- Washed Coffee Beans: Cherries are sorted, pulp removed, fermented, rinsed, dried, and dehulled.
- Natural Coffee Beans: Cherries are sun-dried, raked, and turned to allow fermentation and then dehulled.
- Roasting: Develops aromas, appearance, and texture; changes physical and chemical properties
- Quality characteristics described such as roast type (light, medium, or dark), lightness, richness, body, sweetness, aroma, flavour, bitterness, and quality
- Roasting time dictates coffee classification
- Coffee Brewing: Grinding and water extraction from beans followed by brewing methods and equipment (Percolator, Vacuum (Syphon/siphon), Drip, French press, Moka, etc)
Coffee Brewing - Espresso
- Black coffee extract using high-pressure steam through ground coffee.
- Signature oily foam on top ("Crema")
- Varieties of espresso drinks (Espresso, Ristretto, Espresso macchiato, etc.)
Instant Coffee
- Dehydration: Spray Dry with Agglomeration (clumping) or Freeze Dry and pulverization (using water sublimation)
Tea
- Usually refers to the infusion of leaves cultivated from Camellia sinensis.
- Herbal teas: infusion of other plants/herbs/fruits
- ~1000 leaves needed to make 1 pound of manufactured tea
Tea Types
- Classification based on brewed liquid color (due to tea-leaf processing): White, Yellow, Green, Oolong, Black; Post-fermented teas (e.g., Pu-erh)
Tea Processing
- Procedures, like wilting, steaming, rolling, and other steps, related to producing diverse types of tea
- Details of processes for different types of tea.
Caffeine
- Naturally found in plants (tea leaves, cocoa plants, coffee, etc.).
- Present in soft drinks and energy drinks.
- Both positive and negative effects
Caffeine Decaffeination
- Methods: using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate, or compressed CO₂
- Breeding/Genetic Engineering: creating low-caffeine varieties
Swiss Water Process
- Chemical-free decaffeination
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of beverages, including coffee, tea, and bottled water. Explore market trends, hydration requirements, and the science behind various drinkable options. Perfect for students in Food Science & Technology!
