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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of an isotonic solution?
What is the characteristic of an isotonic solution?
- Has a lower solute concentration than another solution
- Has a higher solute concentration than another solution
- Can cause cells to swell or burst
- Has the same solute concentration as another solution (correct)
What occurs in a hypotonic solution when red blood cells (RBCs) are placed in it?
What occurs in a hypotonic solution when red blood cells (RBCs) are placed in it?
- RBCs retain their normal shape
- RBCs become crenated
- RBCs lose water and shrink
- RBCs swell and may burst (correct)
Which type of solution has a higher solute concentration than body fluids?
Which type of solution has a higher solute concentration than body fluids?
- Hypertonic (correct)
- Dilute
- Isotonic
- Hypotonic
How does diffusion occur in a solution?
How does diffusion occur in a solution?
What is a key feature of both osmosis and diffusion?
What is a key feature of both osmosis and diffusion?
What is a primary cause of hypertonic fluid volume deficit (FVD)?
What is a primary cause of hypertonic fluid volume deficit (FVD)?
What occurs to cells during hypertonic fluid volume deficit?
What occurs to cells during hypertonic fluid volume deficit?
Which condition can lead to inadequate fluid intake?
Which condition can lead to inadequate fluid intake?
Which of the following conditions affects the body's ability to concentrate urine?
Which of the following conditions affects the body's ability to concentrate urine?
What is a potential consequence of inadequate hydration over an extended period?
What is a potential consequence of inadequate hydration over an extended period?
What is one of the additional causes of hypertonic FVD?
What is one of the additional causes of hypertonic FVD?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypovolemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypovolemia?
Which scenario would most likely cause fluid loss through dehydration?
Which scenario would most likely cause fluid loss through dehydration?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality in mOsm/kg or L?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality in mOsm/kg or L?
Which solutes are considered effective osmoles that affect water movement?
Which solutes are considered effective osmoles that affect water movement?
What is the primary function of albumin in the plasma?
What is the primary function of albumin in the plasma?
How is tonicity primarily determined in a solution?
How is tonicity primarily determined in a solution?
What happens to fluid compartments when albumin levels decrease significantly?
What happens to fluid compartments when albumin levels decrease significantly?
What pressure is required to stop water flow by osmosis?
What pressure is required to stop water flow by osmosis?
What do hydrostatic and oncotic pressures collectively influence?
What do hydrostatic and oncotic pressures collectively influence?
What does the measurement of normal urine osmolality indicate?
What does the measurement of normal urine osmolality indicate?
What defines Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) in relation to body fluids?
What defines Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) in relation to body fluids?
Which condition can lead to Fluid Volume Deficit?
Which condition can lead to Fluid Volume Deficit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hypertonic Fluid Volume Deficit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hypertonic Fluid Volume Deficit?
What complication should not be confused with dehydration?
What complication should not be confused with dehydration?
Where is third space shift most commonly found in the body?
Where is third space shift most commonly found in the body?
What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
What is the main source of body water gains?
What is the main source of body water gains?
What is the usual daily urine volume in adults?
What is the usual daily urine volume in adults?
Which process describes the movement of fluid and solutes across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure?
Which process describes the movement of fluid and solutes across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure?
What general rule relates urine output to body weight?
What general rule relates urine output to body weight?
What role do the kidneys play in fluid balance?
What role do the kidneys play in fluid balance?
Which term refers to the movement of fluid due to pressure differences?
Which term refers to the movement of fluid due to pressure differences?
Which of the following is NOT a typical route for water gain?
Which of the following is NOT a typical route for water gain?
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Study Notes
Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)
- FVD results in both extracellular and intracellular fluid loss, causing cells to shrink.
- Causes include inadequate fluid intake, severe isotonic fluid losses, and conditions like diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, and osmotic diuresis.
- Increased serum sodium levels and heightened blood concentration occur during hypovolemia.
- Mental status changes may occur due to insufficient water intake, leading to cellular dehydration.
- Normal serum osmolality ranges from 270 to 300 mOsm/kg or L, while urine osmolality is typically between 400 and 800 mOsm/L.
Tonicity and Osmosis
- Tonicity refers to solutes' ability to create an osmotic driving force that affects water movement between fluid compartments.
- Effective osmoles include sodium, mannitol, glucose, and sorbitol, which influence the hydration state of cells.
- Osmotic pressure is defined as the hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis, while oncotic pressure is contributed by proteins like albumin.
- A decrease in albumin can lead to fluid shifting, such as ascites.
Types of Solutions
- Isotonic Solutions: Have the same solute concentration as body fluids.
- Hypotonic Solutions: Lower solute concentration than body fluids, causing fluid to enter cells.
- Hypertonic Solutions: Higher solute concentration, resulting in fluid moving out of cells.
- The movement of fluid occurs passively until solute concentrations equalize.
Passive and Active Transport
- Diffusion: Movement of solutes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved, operating passively.
- Filtration: Fluid and solutes move together across membranes due to hydrostatic pressure.
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: Active transport mechanism regulating cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium.
Fluid Gains and Losses
- Average daily intake and output of water are approximately equal in healthy individuals.
- The kidneys typically filter 1 to 2 liters of urine daily, based on a general output of 1 mL/kg body weight per hour.
- Body water loss occurs through sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and burns, resulting in potential fluid volume deficit.
Third Space Shift
- Refers to fluid moving from the vascular space into areas not available for normal physiological processes, often during conditions like burns or inflammation.
- Common sites for third space fluid loss include the abdomen, pleural spaces, and pericardial space.
Hypertonic Fluid Volume Deficit
- Characterized by a greater water deficit than electrolyte deficit, leading to elevated serum osmolality.
- Can be caused by excessive electrolyte intake without proportional water intake, hyperglycemia, or osmotic diuretic use.
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