Questions and Answers
What is the main use of Colloid Solutions?
Which of the following is an example of a Hypertonic Solution?
Hypotonic Solutions are used to treat hypernatremia.
True
What is the primary action of Sodium Bicarbonate?
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Bismuth Salicylate is used to bind and eliminate ______.
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What should be monitored when administering TPN?
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What is an adverse effect of H2 Receptor Agonists?
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PPIs take 1-2 weeks to work.
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What is the primary use of Magnesium Sulfate?
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Match the following medications with their uses:
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The main action of Methylnaltrexone is to treat constipation in patients using ______.
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What is the risk factor associated with Conjugated Estrogen?
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What is the primary use of colloid solutions?
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What do crystalloid solutions contain?
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Hypotonic solutions are used to treat hypernatremia.
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Which of the following is an example of hypertonic solutions?
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What is the main purpose of isotonic solutions?
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Sodium bicarbonate is used to treat _________.
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What treats hyperkalemia if the patient has no cardiac problems?
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Calcium bicarbonate is an effective antacid.
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What is a common side effect of long-term use of PPIs?
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What medication can be used to prevent pregnancy depending on the time frame of intercourse?
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Oxytocin helps in regulating contractions during labor.
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What is the main concern for a patient receiving enteral feedings?
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What is an adverse effect of taking vitamin A in excess?
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Study Notes
Colloid Solutions
- Used for treatment of hypovolemic shock, especially in burn patients.
- Mechanism of action involves plasma proteins that maintain fluid within blood vessels.
- Example: Lactated Ringer's solution.
Crystalloid Solutions
- Primarily used for fluid replacement.
- Contains electrolytes that closely mimic extracellular fluid composition.
Hypotonic Solutions
- Indicated for treating hypernatremia.
- Mechanism of action shifts fluid from blood vessels into cells.
Hypertonic Solutions
- Used to treat brain swelling.
- Mechanism of action shifts fluid from cells back into blood vessels.
- Examples: 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose, 0.9% NS).
Isotonic Solutions
- Indicated for dehydration due to vomiting.
- Maintains vascular expansion without causing fluid shifts.
Sodium Bicarbonate
- Used as an antacid to treat acidosis.
- Possible adverse effects: metabolic alkalosis, including symptoms like muscle weakness, spasms, numbness, and irritability.
Hyponatremia
- Treatment involves administering 3% NaCl.
- Nursing intervention includes monitoring sodium levels every 2 hours to ensure safe correction.
Hyperkalemia
- Treatment differs based on cardiac status; IV insulin + dextrose if no heart issues, calcium gluconate if there are.
- For slightly elevated lab ranges (5.5-5.7), administer Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate) orally as a laxative.
Hypokalemia
- Administration must never be done via push due to risk of cardiac arrest; infuse slowly via piggyback method.
Dextran 40
- Utilized for cases of fluid volume excess.
- Side effects may include tachycardia and dyspnea (shortness of breath).
Bolus
- Regular monitoring for fluid volume overload is essential.
- Listen to lung sounds before, during, and after administration.
TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition)
- Requires a central line for administration.
- Tubing must be changed every 24 hours and should be warmed to room temperature before administration.
- Blood sugar levels should be checked every 6 hours.
Enteral Feedings
- Main concern is ensuring the patient receives adequate hydration.
Vitamin A
- Excessive intake during pregnancy can lead to fetal malformation; a pregnancy test should be conducted before administration.
Folic Acid (B9)
- Used to treat alcoholism and as a supplement during pregnancy.
Ondansetron (Zofran)
- Administer prior to nausea-inducing triggers.
- Common adverse effect: constipation; monitor for potential dysrhythmias.
Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)
- Works by binding to toxins and promoting their elimination.
H2 Receptor Agonists
- Treat ulcers and dental issues by decreasing gastric acid production.
- Ineffective if taken concurrently with antacids.
Antacids
- Provide temporary relief for heartburn by neutralizing stomach acids.
- Onset of action: 20-40 minutes.
- Example: Calcium Bicarbonate (Tums).
Sucralfate
- Prevents and treats duodenal ulcers by coating the stomach and healing gastric erosion.
- For optimal efficacy, take before meals.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
- Indicated for GERD and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
- Mechanism of action inhibits the enzyme responsible for gastric acid production.
- Takes 4-8 weeks for full effect; long-term use may increase osteoporosis risk.
Sulfasalazine
- Treats ulcerative colitis but is hepatotoxic and contraindicated in patients with liver failure.
Psyllium Mucilloid
- First-line treatment for constipation and also helps in cholesterol management.
- Instruction: requires several days to take effect and must be taken with increased fluids.
Stool Softeners
- Mechanism of action involves increasing water absorption in the stool.
Methylnaltrexone
- Facilitates bowel movements in opioid users, acting as a stimulant laxative.
Emergency Contraceptive
- Used to prevent pregnancy based on timing of intercourse, not intended for abortion.
Tocolytics
- Stop premature labor for 24-72 hours, allowing time for surfactant administration for lung development.
- Examples include Terbutaline (also for asthma, with a box warning) and Nifedipine (for blood pressure control).
Magnesium Sulfate
- Delays preterm labor; overdose symptoms include skin flushing and decreased deep tendon reflexes.
Oxytocin
- Regulates contractions, offering rest periods for mother and baby, and controls postpartum hemorrhage.
- Mechanism involves stimulating smooth muscle contractions; may lead to rapid, painful contractions (Tachysystole).
Misoprostol
- Used for PUD and abortion, inhibiting gastric acid production and promoting mucus formation.
Norethindrone
- An oral contraceptive that must be taken consistently at the same time daily; may cause photosensitivity.
Medroxyprogesterone
- Long-term birth control option with IM injection every 3 months; contraindicated with St. John’s Wort.
Aging and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Treats menopausal symptoms but carries risks such as breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and myocardial infarction.
- Not advised if the patient is on birth control or has a history of seizures.
Finasteride
- A 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Side effects include sexual dysfunction and dizziness; blood donations should be avoided.
Conjugated Estrogen
- Used for menopause symptoms; women over 35 face increased risks of blood clots or DVT.
- Contraindications include abnormal uterine bleeding and concurrent smoking or oral contraceptive use.
Sildenafil
- Treats erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates and in patients with cardiac issues.
- Enhances erections but does not cause them independently.
Testosterone
- Administered for breast cancer to reduce tumor size; teaching includes the importance of rotating patch sites.
Colloid Solutions
- Treats hypovolemic shock, especially in burn victims.
- Plasma proteins retain fluid within blood vessels.
Crystalloid Solutions
- Administered for fluid replacement.
- Contain electrolytes that replicate extracellular fluids.
- Example: Lactated Ringer's is isotonic.
Hypotonic Solutions
- Used to treat hypernatremia.
- Cause fluid to shift from blood vessels into cells.
Hypertonic Solutions
- Indicated for brain swelling.
- Draw fluid from cells into blood vessels.
- Examples: 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose, normal saline).
Isotonic Solutions
- Treats dehydration causes like vomiting.
- Helps maintain vascular volume without shifting fluids.
Sodium Bicarbonate
- Functions as an antacid for treating acidosis.
- May lead to metabolic alkalosis as an adverse effect, causing muscle weakness and irritability.
Hyponatremia
- Treat with 3% sodium chloride.
- Monitor sodium levels every 2 hours to ensure gradual correction.
Hyperkalemia
- If no cardiac issues: treat with IV insulin plus dextrose.
- If cardiac issues are present: use calcium gluconate.
- Slightly elevated (5.5-5.7): administer polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) orally as a laxative.
Hypokalemia
- Do not administer potassium via push due to risk of cardiac arrest.
- Use piggyback method for slow infusion to minimize discomfort.
Dextran 40
- Used for fluid volume overload management.
- Side effects include tachycardia and dyspnea.
Bolus
- Monitor for fluid volume overload.
- Assess lung sounds before, during, and after administration.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
- Administered via a central line.
- Tubing must be replaced every 24 hours.
- Allow TPN to warm to room temperature for 30 minutes before administration.
- Check blood sugar every 6 hours.
Enteral Feedings
- Monitor for adequate water supplementation.
Vitamin A
- Excess intake can cause fetal malformations; a pregnancy test is recommended before administration.
Folic Acid (B9)
- Utilized in treating alcoholism and as a pregnancy supplement.
Ondansetron (Zofran)
- Administer before nausea-inducing triggers.
- Monitor for constipation and risk of dysrhythmias.
Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)
- Functions by binding to and eliminating toxins.
H2 Receptor Agonists
- Treat ulcers, notably dental ulcers.
- Decrease stomach acid production but may be ineffective if taken with antacids.
Antacids
- Temporary treatment for heartburn by neutralizing stomach acids.
- Onset of action occurs within 20-40 minutes.
- Example: Calcium bicarbonate (Tums).
Sucralfate
- Used for preventing and treating duodenal ulcers.
- Coats the stomach to aid healing of gastric erosion.
- Instructions: take before meals.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
- Indicated for GERD and peptic ulcer disease.
- Work by inhibiting gastric acid production; benefit takes 4-8 weeks.
- Long-term use may lead to osteoporosis.
Sulfasalazine
- Effective for ulcerative colitis.
- Risk of hepatotoxicity; contraindicated in patients with liver failure.
Psyllium Mucilloid
- First-line treatment for constipation and helps lower cholesterol.
- Effects may take several days; advised to increase fluid intake.
Stool Softeners
- Promote water absorption in stool to alleviate constipation.
Methylnaltrexone
- Treats constipation caused by opioid use; acts as a stimulant laxative.
Emergency Contraceptive
- Intended to prevent pregnancy when taken within a specific time frame after intercourse.
- Mechanism: prevents implantation, not utilized for abortion.
Tocolytics
- Used to halt premature labor for 24-72 hours.
- Allows for administration of surfactant, promoting lung development in infants.
- Examples include terbutaline (asthma treatment) with a BBW for extended use, nifedipine (blood pressure), and magnesium sulfate.
Oxytocin
- Regulates uterine contractions to provide rest for mother and baby.
- Additionally, manages postpartum hemorrhage.
- Mechanism: induces smooth muscle contractions; may cause rapid, painful contractions (tachysystole).
Misoprostol
- Treats peptic ulcer disease and is used in abortion procedures.
- Inhibits gastric acid production and stimulates mucus production.
Norethindrone
- Oral contraceptive requiring daily administration at the same time.
- Side effect includes photosensitivity.
Medroxyprogesterone
- Long-term birth control administered via IM injection every 3 months.
- Counseling points include avoiding St. John's Wort.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Used for menopausal symptoms.
- Side effects include breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and MI.
- Avoid in patients already on birth control or with seizure disorders.
Finasteride
- A 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Promotes prostate shrinkage; may cause sexual dysfunction and dizziness.
- Contraindicated in pregnant women and prohibits blood donations.
Conjugated Estrogen
- Alleviates menopause symptoms.
- Increased risk of blood clots, especially in women over 35.
- Contraindications include abnormal uterine bleeding and smoking, as well as concurrent use of oral contraceptives.
Sildenafil
- Treatment for erectile dysfunction.
- Contraindicated with nitrates and in patients with cardiac issues.
- Functions by enhancing sexual activity but does not cause erections independently.
Testosterone
- Used to reduce tumor size in breast cancer patients.
- Advisement to rotate the application of the patch to avoid skin irritation.
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Description
This quiz covers various types of fluid solutions used in medical settings, including colloid, crystalloid, hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. It explores their uses, mechanisms of action, and specific examples. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their understanding of fluid therapy.
