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Questions and Answers

Which medication is contraindicated for patients taking birth control?

Sildenafil

Finasteride

John’s Wart (correct)

Conjugated Estrogen

Sildenafil is a medication that directly causes an erection.

False

What condition is Finasteride primarily used to treat?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Conjugated Estrogen can pose a risk of __________ in women over 35.

blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their primary uses:

John’s Wart = Menopausal symptoms Finasteride = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Sildenafil = Erectile Dysfunction Testosterone = Breast cancer treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Finasteride?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Testosterone can be used to reduce tumor size in breast cancer.

True Signup and view all the answers

What should patients using Finasteride be informed about regarding blood donations?

No blood transfers/donations Signup and view all the answers

Patients using Conjugated Estrogen should avoid __________ if they smoke.

oral contraceptives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment purpose of isotonic solutions?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Hyperkalemia can be treated with IV Insulin and Dextrose only if the patient has heart problems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What medication is contraindicated for use in patients with liver failure?

Sulfasalazine Signup and view all the answers

_________ is used to treat acidosis and can cause metabolic alkalosis as a side effect.

Sodium Bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following solutions with their primary usage:

Crystalloid Solutions = Fluid replacement Hypotonic Solutions = Hypernatremia Hypertonic Solutions = Brain swelling Colloid Solutions = Hypovolemic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hypertonic solution?

3% hypertonic saline Signup and view all the answers

Misoprostol is used to inhibit gastric acid production.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of TPN and what is a critical nursing intervention associated with it?

TPN is for nutritional support; a critical nursing intervention is to use a central line. Signup and view all the answers

Ondansetron (Zofran) should be given _______ to help manage nausea.

prior to the trigger Signup and view all the answers

What potential side effect can result from long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)?

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Conjugated Estrogen?

Blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Finasteride is indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Finasteride?

Promotes shrinkage of enlarged prostate Signup and view all the answers

Sildenafil is contraindicated in patients using __________.

nitrates Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be informed about when using Testosterone therapy?

Rotate patch site Signup and view all the answers

Patients taking HRT should not be concerned about developing breast cancer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of Sildenafil?

Erectile dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Conjugated Estrogen should not be given to women who have __________.

abnormal uterine bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Match the medications with their contraindications:

Sildenafil = Use of nitrates Finasteride = Pregnant women Conjugated Estrogen = Smoking Testosterone = None specified Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of Finasteride?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment purpose of hypotonic solutions?

Shift fluid out of vessels and into cells Signup and view all the answers

Crystalloid solutions contain plasma proteins that keep fluid in the vessels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using sodium bicarbonate in treatment?

It treats acidosis. Signup and view all the answers

Hypertonic solutions are used to treat __________ due to brain swelling.

brain swelling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications with their use:

Ondansetron (Zofran) = Prevention of nausea Methylnaltrexone = Constipation due to opioids Folic Acid (B9) = Pregnancy supplement Sucralfate = Treatment of duodenal ulcers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions is known to provide temporary relief for heartburn?

Calcium Bicarbonate (Tums) Signup and view all the answers

Isotonic solutions cause a fluid shift between blood vessels and cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored every 2 hours in patients being treated for hyponatremia?

Sodium levels. Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin is used to regulate __________ during labor.

contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which medication's long-term use may cause osteoporosis?

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action (MOA) of crystalloid solutions?

Mimic extracellular fluids with electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Isotonic solutions cause a significant fluid shift between blood vessels and cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment used for hypernatremia?

Hypotonic solutions Signup and view all the answers

Calcium gluconate is used to treat __________ in patients with cardiovascular problems.

hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action for Sodium Bicarbonate?

Neutralizes acids in the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications to their primary treatment:

Methylnaltrexone = Constipation in opioid users Sucralfate = Duodenal ulcers Ondansetron = Nausea Sulfasalazine = Ulcerative colitis Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin is used to delay contractions during labor.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which solution is primarily used to treat dehydration resulting from vomiting?

Isotonic solutions Signup and view all the answers

_________ is a side effect associated with long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of 3% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) regarding hyponatremia?

Raises sodium levels slowly Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Conjugated Estrogen is safe for all women regardless of age or health history.

False Signup and view all the answers

What class of medication is Finasteride?

5 alpha-reductase inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

Sildenafil is primarily used to treat __________.

Erectile Dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Match the medications with their treatment purposes:

Finasteride = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Sildenafil = Erectile Dysfunction Conjugated Estrogen = Menopausal symptoms Testosterone = Reduce tumor size in breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Finasteride's side effects?

It can cause sexual dysfunction. Signup and view all the answers

You can use Finasteride and donate blood after a short duration.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should patients using Sildenafil be taught about its function?

It enhances but does not directly cause an erection. Signup and view all the answers

Patients taking Conjugated Estrogen should avoid __________ if they smoke.

hormonal therapy Signup and view all the answers

What condition is Testosterone used to treat?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment purpose of hypotonic solutions?

Hypernatremia Signup and view all the answers

Antacids provide permanent relief from heartburn.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored every 6 hours in patients receiving TPN?

Blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

3% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is used to treat __________.

hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following solutions with their primary purposes:

Lactated Ringers = Hypovolemic shock 3% hypertonic saline = Brain swelling D5 NS = Fluid replacement Normal saline = Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should not be pushed to avoid cardiac arrest?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are effective immediately after administration.

False Signup and view all the answers

What condition does magnesium sulfate help to delay?

Preterm labor Signup and view all the answers

Bismuth Salicylate helps to __________ and eliminate toxins.

bind Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Sodium Bicarbonate?

Neutralizes acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Conjugated Estrogen?

Blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Finasteride can be used by pregnant women.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main class of Sildenafil?

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

Finasteride promotes shrinkage of the __________.

enlarged prostate Signup and view all the answers

Match the medications with their treatments:

John’s Wart = Menopausal symptoms Finasteride = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Sildenafil = Erectile Dysfunction Testosterone = Breast cancer treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is contraindicated with the use of nitrates?

Sildenafil Signup and view all the answers

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) can lead to dementia as a potential adverse effect.

True Signup and view all the answers

What teaching should be provided to patients taking Finasteride regarding blood donations?

Do not donate blood. Signup and view all the answers

Testosterone should have its patch site __________.

rotated Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Conjugated Estrogen?

Abnormal uterine bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Colloid Solutions

Indicated for treatment of hypovolemic shock due to burns.
Mechanism of action involves plasma proteins that maintain fluid within blood vessels.
Example includes Lactated Ringers solution.

Crystalloid Solutions

Primarily used for fluid replacement.
Contains electrolytes that mimic extracellular fluid composition.

Hypotonic Solutions

Utilized in treating hypernatremia.
Mechanism shifts fluid from blood vessels into cells.

Hypertonic Solutions

Effective for managing brain swelling.
Mechanism shifts fluid from cells into blood vessels.
Examples: 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose, 0.9% NS).

Isotonic Solutions

Recommended for dehydration, such as from vomiting.
Maintains vascular expansion without causing fluid shifts.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Used for treating acidosis.
Potential adverse effects include metabolic alkalosis, leading to muscle weakness, spasms, numbness, and irritability.

Hyponatremia

Treated with 3% sodium chloride.
Nursing intervention includes monitoring sodium levels every 2 hours for gradual increase.

Hyperkalemia

If no cardiac issues, treatment may involve IV insulin with dextrose.
If cardiac issues are present, calcium gluconate is preferred.
For slightly elevated potassium levels (5.5-5.7), Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate) is administered orally or as a laxative.

Hypokalemia

Potassium should never be administered as a push; instead, a piggyback method is advised to minimize pain.

Dextran 40

Indicated for fluid volume excess.
Side effects include tachycardia and dyspnea.

Bolus Administration

Monitor closely for fluid volume overload.
Nursing intervention includes assessing lung sounds before, during, and after administration.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Requires central line for administration.
Tubing must be changed every 24 hours and removed from refrigeration 30 minutes prior to administration.
Blood glucose should be checked every 6 hours.

Enteral Feedings

Key concern is ensuring patients receive adequate water supplementation.

Vitamin A

Excessive intake can lead to fetal malformations; pregnancy tests (HCG) are necessary before administration.

Folic Acid (B9)

Effective treatment for alcoholism and used as a supplement during pregnancy.

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Administer before potential nausea triggers.
Monitor for constipation and possible dysrhythmias.

Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)

Mechanism involves binding to and eliminating toxins.

H2 Receptor Agonists

Used for treating ulcers, including dental.
Reduces stomach acid production but ineffective if taken with antacids.

Antacids

Provide temporary relief for heartburn.
Neutralizes gastric acid, changing stomach pH with onset of effects in 20-40 minutes.
Example: Calcium bicarbonate (Tums).

Sucralfate

Treatment and prevention of duodenal ulcers.
Coats stomach lining and heals gastric erosions; should be taken before meals.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Mechanism inhibits gastric acid-generating enzyme; effects may take 4-8 weeks.
Long-term use risks include osteoporosis.

Sulfasalazine

Indicated for ulcerative colitis.
Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity; contraindicated for patients with liver failure.

Psyllium Mucilloid

First-line laxative for constipation and cholesterol management.
Takes several days to work; advises increased fluid intake.

Stool Softeners

Mechanism increases water absorption in the stool.

Methylnaltrexone

Used for opioid-induced constipation; acts as a stimulant laxative.

Emergency Contraceptive

Aimed at preventing pregnancy based on timing after intercourse.
Works by preventing implantation; not effective for abortion.

Tocolytics

Used to delay premature labor for 24-72 hours, allowing time for surfactant administration.
Examples include Terbutaline (asthma treatment), Nifedipine (blood pressure), and Magnesium sulfate.
Signs of overdose include skin flushing; early signs include decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR).

Oxytocin

Regulates uterine contractions, aiding in maternal and fetal rest.
Also used to control postpartum bleeding; normalizes contractions but can cause rapid, painful contractions (tachysystole).

Misoprostol

Used for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in abortion procedures.
Inhibits gastric acid production and promotes mucus production.

Norethindrone

An oral contraceptive; teaching emphasizes taking at the same time daily.
Side effects may include photosensitivity.

Medroxyprogesterone

Long-term birth control option, administered IM every 3 months.
Teaching includes avoiding St. John’s Wort.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Utilized for menopausal symptoms.
Adverse effects include increased risks of breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and myocardial infarction (MI).
Contraindicated for those on birth control or with seizure history.

Finasteride

Classified as a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Promotes prostate shrinkage; side effects include sexual dysfunction, headache, and dizziness.
Risks include prohibiting blood donations and use by pregnant women.

Conjugated Estrogen

Used for alleviating menopause symptoms.
Risk of thromboembolic events increased in women over 35, particularly with a history of abnormal uterine bleeding or smoking.

Sildenafil

Prescribed for erectile dysfunction.
Contraindicated in patients taking nitrates or with cardiac issues; it enhances but does not directly cause erection.

Testosterone

Administered to reduce tumor size in breast cancer.
Patient teaching includes rotating patch sites for transdermal delivery.

Colloid Solutions

Indicated for treatment of hypovolemic shock due to burns.
Mechanism of action involves plasma proteins that maintain fluid within blood vessels.
Example includes Lactated Ringers solution.

Crystalloid Solutions

Primarily used for fluid replacement.
Contains electrolytes that mimic extracellular fluid composition.

Hypotonic Solutions

Utilized in treating hypernatremia.
Mechanism shifts fluid from blood vessels into cells.

Hypertonic Solutions

Effective for managing brain swelling.
Mechanism shifts fluid from cells into blood vessels.
Examples: 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose, 0.9% NS).

Isotonic Solutions

Recommended for dehydration, such as from vomiting.
Maintains vascular expansion without causing fluid shifts.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Used for treating acidosis.
Potential adverse effects include metabolic alkalosis, leading to muscle weakness, spasms, numbness, and irritability.

Hyponatremia

Treated with 3% sodium chloride.
Nursing intervention includes monitoring sodium levels every 2 hours for gradual increase.

Hyperkalemia

If no cardiac issues, treatment may involve IV insulin with dextrose.
If cardiac issues are present, calcium gluconate is preferred.
For slightly elevated potassium levels (5.5-5.7), Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate) is administered orally or as a laxative.

Hypokalemia

Potassium should never be administered as a push; instead, a piggyback method is advised to minimize pain.

Dextran 40

Indicated for fluid volume excess.
Side effects include tachycardia and dyspnea.

Bolus Administration

Monitor closely for fluid volume overload.
Nursing intervention includes assessing lung sounds before, during, and after administration.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Requires central line for administration.
Tubing must be changed every 24 hours and removed from refrigeration 30 minutes prior to administration.
Blood glucose should be checked every 6 hours.

Enteral Feedings

Key concern is ensuring patients receive adequate water supplementation.

Vitamin A

Excessive intake can lead to fetal malformations; pregnancy tests (HCG) are necessary before administration.

Folic Acid (B9)

Effective treatment for alcoholism and used as a supplement during pregnancy.

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Administer before potential nausea triggers.
Monitor for constipation and possible dysrhythmias.

Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)

Mechanism involves binding to and eliminating toxins.

H2 Receptor Agonists

Used for treating ulcers, including dental.
Reduces stomach acid production but ineffective if taken with antacids.

Antacids

Provide temporary relief for heartburn.
Neutralizes gastric acid, changing stomach pH with onset of effects in 20-40 minutes.
Example: Calcium bicarbonate (Tums).

Sucralfate

Treatment and prevention of duodenal ulcers.
Coats stomach lining and heals gastric erosions; should be taken before meals.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Mechanism inhibits gastric acid-generating enzyme; effects may take 4-8 weeks.
Long-term use risks include osteoporosis.

Sulfasalazine

Indicated for ulcerative colitis.
Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity; contraindicated for patients with liver failure.

Psyllium Mucilloid

First-line laxative for constipation and cholesterol management.
Takes several days to work; advises increased fluid intake.

Stool Softeners

Mechanism increases water absorption in the stool.

Methylnaltrexone

Used for opioid-induced constipation; acts as a stimulant laxative.

Emergency Contraceptive

Aimed at preventing pregnancy based on timing after intercourse.
Works by preventing implantation; not effective for abortion.

Tocolytics

Used to delay premature labor for 24-72 hours, allowing time for surfactant administration.
Examples include Terbutaline (asthma treatment), Nifedipine (blood pressure), and Magnesium sulfate.
Signs of overdose include skin flushing; early signs include decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR).

Oxytocin

Regulates uterine contractions, aiding in maternal and fetal rest.
Also used to control postpartum bleeding; normalizes contractions but can cause rapid, painful contractions (tachysystole).

Misoprostol

Used for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in abortion procedures.
Inhibits gastric acid production and promotes mucus production.

Norethindrone

An oral contraceptive; teaching emphasizes taking at the same time daily.
Side effects may include photosensitivity.

Medroxyprogesterone

Long-term birth control option, administered IM every 3 months.
Teaching includes avoiding St. John’s Wort.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Utilized for menopausal symptoms.
Adverse effects include increased risks of breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and myocardial infarction (MI).
Contraindicated for those on birth control or with seizure history.

Finasteride

Classified as a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Promotes prostate shrinkage; side effects include sexual dysfunction, headache, and dizziness.
Risks include prohibiting blood donations and use by pregnant women.

Conjugated Estrogen

Used for alleviating menopause symptoms.
Risk of thromboembolic events increased in women over 35, particularly with a history of abnormal uterine bleeding or smoking.

Sildenafil

Prescribed for erectile dysfunction.
Contraindicated in patients taking nitrates or with cardiac issues; it enhances but does not directly cause erection.

Testosterone

Administered to reduce tumor size in breast cancer.
Patient teaching includes rotating patch sites for transdermal delivery.

Colloid Solutions

Indicated for treatment of hypovolemic shock due to burns.
Mechanism of action involves plasma proteins that maintain fluid within blood vessels.
Example includes Lactated Ringers solution.

Crystalloid Solutions

Primarily used for fluid replacement.
Contains electrolytes that mimic extracellular fluid composition.

Hypotonic Solutions

Utilized in treating hypernatremia.
Mechanism shifts fluid from blood vessels into cells.

Hypertonic Solutions

Effective for managing brain swelling.
Mechanism shifts fluid from cells into blood vessels.
Examples: 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose, 0.9% NS).

Isotonic Solutions

Recommended for dehydration, such as from vomiting.
Maintains vascular expansion without causing fluid shifts.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Used for treating acidosis.
Potential adverse effects include metabolic alkalosis, leading to muscle weakness, spasms, numbness, and irritability.

Hyponatremia

Treated with 3% sodium chloride.
Nursing intervention includes monitoring sodium levels every 2 hours for gradual increase.

Hyperkalemia

If no cardiac issues, treatment may involve IV insulin with dextrose.
If cardiac issues are present, calcium gluconate is preferred.
For slightly elevated potassium levels (5.5-5.7), Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate) is administered orally or as a laxative.

Hypokalemia

Potassium should never be administered as a push; instead, a piggyback method is advised to minimize pain.

Dextran 40

Indicated for fluid volume excess.
Side effects include tachycardia and dyspnea.

Bolus Administration

Monitor closely for fluid volume overload.
Nursing intervention includes assessing lung sounds before, during, and after administration.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Requires central line for administration.
Tubing must be changed every 24 hours and removed from refrigeration 30 minutes prior to administration.
Blood glucose should be checked every 6 hours.

Enteral Feedings

Key concern is ensuring patients receive adequate water supplementation.

Vitamin A

Excessive intake can lead to fetal malformations; pregnancy tests (HCG) are necessary before administration.

Folic Acid (B9)

Effective treatment for alcoholism and used as a supplement during pregnancy.

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Administer before potential nausea triggers.
Monitor for constipation and possible dysrhythmias.

Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)

Mechanism involves binding to and eliminating toxins.

H2 Receptor Agonists

Used for treating ulcers, including dental.
Reduces stomach acid production but ineffective if taken with antacids.

Antacids

Provide temporary relief for heartburn.
Neutralizes gastric acid, changing stomach pH with onset of effects in 20-40 minutes.
Example: Calcium bicarbonate (Tums).

Sucralfate

Treatment and prevention of duodenal ulcers.
Coats stomach lining and heals gastric erosions; should be taken before meals.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Mechanism inhibits gastric acid-generating enzyme; effects may take 4-8 weeks.
Long-term use risks include osteoporosis.

Sulfasalazine

Indicated for ulcerative colitis.
Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity; contraindicated for patients with liver failure.

Psyllium Mucilloid

First-line laxative for constipation and cholesterol management.
Takes several days to work; advises increased fluid intake.

Stool Softeners

Mechanism increases water absorption in the stool.

Methylnaltrexone

Used for opioid-induced constipation; acts as a stimulant laxative.

Emergency Contraceptive

Aimed at preventing pregnancy based on timing after intercourse.
Works by preventing implantation; not effective for abortion.

Tocolytics

Used to delay premature labor for 24-72 hours, allowing time for surfactant administration.
Examples include Terbutaline (asthma treatment), Nifedipine (blood pressure), and Magnesium sulfate.
Signs of overdose include skin flushing; early signs include decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR).

Oxytocin

Regulates uterine contractions, aiding in maternal and fetal rest.
Also used to control postpartum bleeding; normalizes contractions but can cause rapid, painful contractions (tachysystole).

Misoprostol

Used for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in abortion procedures.
Inhibits gastric acid production and promotes mucus production.

Norethindrone

An oral contraceptive; teaching emphasizes taking at the same time daily.
Side effects may include photosensitivity.

Medroxyprogesterone

Long-term birth control option, administered IM every 3 months.
Teaching includes avoiding St. John’s Wort.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Utilized for menopausal symptoms.
Adverse effects include increased risks of breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and myocardial infarction (MI).
Contraindicated for those on birth control or with seizure history.

Finasteride

Classified as a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Promotes prostate shrinkage; side effects include sexual dysfunction, headache, and dizziness.
Risks include prohibiting blood donations and use by pregnant women.

Conjugated Estrogen

Used for alleviating menopause symptoms.
Risk of thromboembolic events increased in women over 35, particularly with a history of abnormal uterine bleeding or smoking.

Sildenafil

Prescribed for erectile dysfunction.
Contraindicated in patients taking nitrates or with cardiac issues; it enhances but does not directly cause erection.

Testosterone

Administered to reduce tumor size in breast cancer.
Patient teaching includes rotating patch sites for transdermal delivery.

Colloid Solutions

Treats hypovolemic shock, particularly from burns.
Mechanism involves plasma proteins that maintain fluid within blood vessels.
Example: Lactated Ringers.

Crystalloid Solutions

Used for fluid replacement therapy.
Composed of electrolytes that replicate extracellular fluid balance.

Hypotonic Solutions

Effective for treating hypernatremia.
Promotes fluid movement from blood vessels into cells.

Hypertonic Solutions

Indicated for treatment of cerebral edema (brain swelling).
Facilitates fluid movement from cells to vascular space.
Examples include 3% hypertonic saline and D5 NS (5% dextrose in 0.9% NS).

Isotonic Solutions

Utilized for dehydration typically following vomiting.
Maintains vascular volume without causing fluid shifts.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Acts as an antacid and is used to treat acidosis.
Potential adverse effects include metabolic alkalosis, leading to muscle weakness, spasms, numbness, and irritability.

Hyponatremia

Treated with 3% NaCl.
Nursing intervention includes monitoring sodium levels every two hours for gradual correction.

Hyperkalemia

If no cardiac complications exist, treated with IV insulin and dextrose.
Calcium gluconate is indicated if cardiac issues are present.
Slightly elevated potassium levels (5.5-5.7) can be addressed with oral Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate).

Hypokalemia

Administration must avoid IV push due to risk of cardiac arrest; use piggyback method to minimize burning sensations.

Dextran 40

Treatment for fluid volume overload.
Side effects may include tachycardia and dyspnea.

Bolus Administration

Requires monitoring for fluid overload.
Nursing assessment involves listening to lung sounds before, during, and after bolus administration.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Must use a central line for administration.
Tubing needs change every 24 hours; remove from refrigeration 30 minutes prior to use.
Blood sugar levels should be checked every six hours.

Enteral Feedings

Important to ensure patients receive adequate water supplementation.

Vitamin A

Excessive intake during pregnancy can cause fetal malformation; pregnancy testing is advised before administration.

Folic Acid (B9)

Used as a supplement for alcoholism recovery and during pregnancy.

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Administered prior to nausea-inducing triggers.
Requires monitoring for constipation and possible cardiac dysrhythmias.

Bismuth Salicylate (Pepto Bismol)

Works by binding to toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for elimination.

H2 Receptor Antagonists

Prescribed for dental ulcers.
Reduces stomach acid, but may be ineffective if taken concurrently with antacids.

Antacids

Provide temporary relief from heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid; onset time is 20-40 minutes.
Example: Calcium Bicarbonate (Tums).

Sucralfate

Used to prevent and treat duodenal ulcers.
Mechanism involves coating the stomach to heal erosions; taken prior to meals.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Treat GERD and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Function by inhibiting gastric acid production; effects may take 4-8 weeks.
Long-term use raises the risk of osteoporosis.

Sulfasalazine

Indicated for ulcerative colitis.
Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity and contraindicated in patients with liver failure.

Psyllium Mucilloid

First-line treatment for constipation; also helps lower cholesterol.
Requires several days to exert effects, emphasizes increased fluid intake.

Stool Softeners

Mechanism focuses on enhancing water absorption in stool.

Methylnaltrexone

Stimulant laxative used for opioid-induced constipation.

Emergency Contraceptive

Aims to prevent pregnancy depending on the timing of intercourse; prevents implantation, not an abortive method.

Tocolytics

Given to halt premature labor (24-72 hours), allowing for surfactant administration to promote lung development in neonates.
Examples include Terbutaline (risk of fetal death when used over 48-72 hours) and Nifedipine.

Oxytocin

Regulates uterine contractions and manages postpartum hemorrhage.
May cause rapid and painful contractions (Tachysystole).

Misoprostol

Utilized for treating peptic ulcer disease and abortion procedures.
Inhibits gastric acid production and stimulates mucus secretion.

Norethindrone

Oral contraceptive requiring daily intake at the same time.
Notable side effect: photosensitivity.

Medroxyprogesterone

Provides long-term birth control through IM injections every three months.
Avoid St. John’s Wort interaction.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Addresses menopausal symptoms but poses risks of breast cancer, dementia, DVT, and myocardial infarction.
Avoids giving to individuals using birth control or with seizure disorders.

Finasteride

A 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Promotes prostate shrinkage; side effects include sexual dysfunction and headaches.

Conjugated Estrogen

Used for menopausal symptom relief.
Increases risk of blood clots in women over 35; contraindicated in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding and smoking.

Sildenafil

Treats erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates and cardiac conditions.
Teaching points include that it enhances erection but does not cause it.

Testosterone

Used for breast cancer treatment to reduce tumor size; importance of rotating patch site is emphasized.

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Description

This quiz covers different types of solutions used in medical treatment, including colloid, crystalloid, hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. Learn about their applications, mechanisms of action, and specific examples. Test your knowledge on how these solutions impact fluid balance in the body.