Fluid Therapy in Medical Practice
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Questions and Answers

What is a complication of fluid therapy that results from excess fluid accumulation in the lungs?

  • Infiltration
  • Hemorrhage
  • Phlebitis
  • Pulmonary edema (correct)

    • What is the term for the inflammation of the vein's inner lining?

  • Phlebitis (correct)
  • Infiltration
  • Hemorrhage
  • Extravasation

    • What is the term for bleeding from the puncture site?

  • Pulmonary edema
  • Infiltration
  • Phlebitis
  • Hemorrhage (correct)

    • What is the term for the presence of air in the vascular system?

    <p>Air embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the administration of IV solution into surrounding tissue?

    <p>Infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for local infection indicated by purulent drainage from the site?

    <p>Local infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for medication leaks into surrounding tissue, causing damage?

    <p>Extravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of fluid therapy characterized by swelling and pain?

    <p>Phlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the administration of medication that leaks into surrounding tissue?

    <p>Extravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bleeding from the puncture site, which is a complication of fluid therapy?

    <p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of colloids on the body?

    <p>They expand the intravascular volume and draw fluid from extravascular spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between colloids and crystalloids?

    <p>Colloids contain large molecules, while crystalloids contain small molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of 0.9% sodium chloride (Normal Saline)?

    <p>Severe diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, fistulas, or wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Ringer's lactate or Hartmann solution that makes it a good choice for certain patients?

    <p>Its electrolyte content is most closely related to the composition of the body's blood serum and plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Ringer's lactate and Ringer's solution?

    <p>Ringer's lactate contains lactate, while Ringer's solution does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of fluid therapy on the body?

    <p>It can be life-saving in certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of isotonic solutions?

    <p>Their concentration is similar to the concentration of the body's fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Ringer's lactate or Hartmann solution?

    <p>Burn and injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of crystalloids on the body?

    <p>They increase fluid volume in both the interstitial and intravascular spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

    <p>Their concentration in relation to the body's fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the solution when the dextrose in D5% is metabolized?

    <p>It becomes hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of which of the following?

    <p>Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indication for the use of hypotonic fluids?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of administering hypotonic solutions?

    <p>Cardiovascular collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hypertonic solutions?

    <p>Increased extracellular fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution to be taken when administering hypertonic saline solutions?

    <p>Maintain caution for intravascular fluid volume overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do colloid solutions work?

    <p>By increasing oncotic pressure and drawing fluid from the interstitial spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of albumin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of using colloid solutions?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action of hydroxyethalstarches?

    <p>24-36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fluid therapy in certain conditions?

    <p>To restore blood volume and prevent death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid remains in the intravascular compartment when infused?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of isotonic solutions?

    <p>They have the same concentration of electrolytes as the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Ringer's lactate or Hartmann solution?

    <p>Burn and injury patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of crystalloids on the body?

    <p>They distribute fluid to both intravascular and interstitial spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

    <p>Their electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of administering hypotonic solutions?

    <p>Cell swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hypertonic solutions?

    <p>They cause cell shrinkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution to be taken when administering hypertonic saline solutions?

    <p>Monitor electrolyte levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Ringer's lactate and Ringer's solution?

    <p>Presence of lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications of fluid therapy can be detected by palpating a venous cord?

    <p>Phlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between infiltration and extravasation?

    <p>The location of the solution leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with pain, heat, and redness at the IV site. Which of the following complications is most likely?

    <p>Phlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of fluid therapy that can lead to respiratory failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presenting symptom of air embolism?

    <p>No symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is more likely to occur in patients with a history of IV drug use?

    <p>Local infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with swelling and pain at the IV site. Which of the following complications is most likely?

    <p>Infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between phlebitis and extravasation?

    <p>The location of the solution leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is more likely to occur in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to diagnose local infection?

    <p>Observing purulent drainage from the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of D5% when the dextrose is metabolized?

    <p>The solution becomes hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of hypotonic solutions?

    <p>To treat patients with hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hypertonic solutions and colloids?

    <p>The osmolarity of the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precaution to be taken when administering 3% sodium chloride?

    <p>Monitor the patient's fluid volume status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of colloids on the intravascular compartment?

    <p>It increases the oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of isotonic solutions?

    <p>They have the same osmolarity as the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of 5% dextrose in water?

    <p>To provide calories to patients who are unable to eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between albumin and hydroxyethalstarches?

    <p>The duration of action of the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of administering hypotonic solutions to older adult patients?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precaution to be taken when administering colloids to patients?

    <p>Monitor the patient's coagulation indexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Importance of Fluid Therapy

    • Can be life-saving in certain conditions
    • Loss of body water can cause problems ranging from mild headache to convulsions, coma, and death

    Types of Fluids

    Colloid Solutions

    • Contain large molecules that don't pass cell membranes
    • Expand intravascular volume and draw fluid from extravascular spaces via higher oncotic pressure

    Crystalloid Solutions

    • Contain small molecules that flow easily across cell membranes
    • Increase fluid volume in both intravascular and interstitial spaces
    Isotonic Solutions
    • 0.9% sodium chloride (Normal Saline)
      • Simply salt water containing sodium and chloride
      • Used for severe diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, fistulas, wounds, shock, mild hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis
    • Ringer's lactate or Hartmann solution
      • Most physiologically adaptable fluid, closely related to body's blood serum and plasma composition
      • Used for burn and injury patients
    • Ringer's solution
      • Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride in similar proportions to LR, but without lactate
    • Dextrose 5%
      • Isotonic solution, but becomes hypotonic when dextrose is metabolized, causing fluid to shift into cells
    Hypotonic Solutions
    • Lower concentration of solutes (electrolytes) compared to isotonic solutions
    • Osmolality less than 250 mOsm/L
    • Lower serum osmolality, causing fluid to shift from intravascular space to intracellular and interstitial spaces
    • Examples: 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.33% sodium chloride, 0.2% sodium chloride, and 2.5% dextrose in water
    • Used to treat patients with intracellular dehydration, hypernatremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
    Hypertonic Solutions
    • Higher tonicity or solute concentration
    • Osmolarity of 375 mOsm/L or higher
    • Draw water out of intracellular space, increasing extracellular fluid volume
    • Examples: 3% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose with normal saline (D5NS)
    • Used for severe hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and as volume expanders

    Colloid Solutions

    • Expand intravascular volume by drawing fluid from interstitial spaces
    • Require administration of less total volume and have a longer duration of action
    • Examples: albumin (Human albumin 5% solution), hydroxyethalstarches

    Precautions and Complications

    • Hypotonic solutions: decrease in vascular bed volume, worsen hypovolemia and hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse
    • Hypertonic fluids: intravascular fluid volume overload and pulmonary edema
    • Colloid solutions: interfere with platelet function, increase bleeding times, and anaphylactic reactions
    • Complications of fluid therapy: phlebitis, infiltration, extravasation, hemorrhage, local infection, pulmonary edema, and air embolism

    Importance of Fluid Therapy

    • Can be life-saving in certain conditions
    • Loss of body water can cause problems ranging from mild headache to convulsions, coma, and death

    Types of Fluids

    Colloid Solutions

    • Contain large molecules that don't pass cell membranes
    • Expand intravascular volume and draw fluid from extravascular spaces via higher oncotic pressure

    Crystalloid Solutions

    • Contain small molecules that flow easily across cell membranes
    • Increase fluid volume in both intravascular and interstitial spaces
    Isotonic Solutions
    • 0.9% sodium chloride (Normal Saline)
      • Simply salt water containing sodium and chloride
      • Used for severe diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, fistulas, wounds, shock, mild hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis
    • Ringer's lactate or Hartmann solution
      • Most physiologically adaptable fluid, closely related to body's blood serum and plasma composition
      • Used for burn and injury patients
    • Ringer's solution
      • Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride in similar proportions to LR, but without lactate
    • Dextrose 5%
      • Isotonic solution, but becomes hypotonic when dextrose is metabolized, causing fluid to shift into cells
    Hypotonic Solutions
    • Lower concentration of solutes (electrolytes) compared to isotonic solutions
    • Osmolality less than 250 mOsm/L
    • Lower serum osmolality, causing fluid to shift from intravascular space to intracellular and interstitial spaces
    • Examples: 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.33% sodium chloride, 0.2% sodium chloride, and 2.5% dextrose in water
    • Used to treat patients with intracellular dehydration, hypernatremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
    Hypertonic Solutions
    • Higher tonicity or solute concentration
    • Osmolarity of 375 mOsm/L or higher
    • Draw water out of intracellular space, increasing extracellular fluid volume
    • Examples: 3% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose with normal saline (D5NS)
    • Used for severe hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and as volume expanders

    Colloid Solutions

    • Expand intravascular volume by drawing fluid from interstitial spaces
    • Require administration of less total volume and have a longer duration of action
    • Examples: albumin (Human albumin 5% solution), hydroxyethalstarches

    Precautions and Complications

    • Hypotonic solutions: decrease in vascular bed volume, worsen hypovolemia and hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse
    • Hypertonic fluids: intravascular fluid volume overload and pulmonary edema
    • Colloid solutions: interfere with platelet function, increase bleeding times, and anaphylactic reactions
    • Complications of fluid therapy: phlebitis, infiltration, extravasation, hemorrhage, local infection, pulmonary edema, and air embolism

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    Description

    Learn about the importance and risks of fluid therapy, including types of fluids used in clinical practice, such as colloids, crystalloids, and blood products.

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