Fluid & Electrolytes Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the potential consequences of fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

  • Impaired perfusion, gas exchange, cerebral function, and neuromuscular function (correct)
  • Increased risk of infection, impaired wound healing, and delayed recovery
  • Elevated blood pressure, heart palpitations, and dizziness
  • Gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and vomiting

    • Which of the following factors can contribute to fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

  • Excessive alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (correct)
  • Exposure to sunlight, air pollution, and environmental toxins
  • Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep
  • High blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and obesity

    • How can fluid and electrolyte imbalances be diagnosed?

  • Through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies
  • Through physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history review (correct)
  • By analyzing patient symptoms and medical history
  • By monitoring vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature

    • Which scenario describes a fluid and electrolyte imbalance caused by an altered distribution of fluids?

    <p>Rapid shift of fluid from the vascular space into the interstitial space causing edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism responsible for fluid and electrolyte imbalances when output exceeds intake?

    <p>Excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body through various routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of Hyponatremia?

    <p>High oral intake of salty foods and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for fluid volume excess?

    <p>Diuretics and fluid restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a manifestation of ECV excess?

    <p>Bounding pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for Hyponatremia?

    <p>Address the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

    <p>Excessive ADH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal laboratory value for serum sodium?

    <p>136-145 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hyponatremia caused by water excess?

    <p>Fluid restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of hyponatremia?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hyponatremia caused by sodium depletion?

    <p>Oral sodium chloride solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common manifestation of hyponatremia?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is high in salt?

    <p>Bacon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution is most commonly used for treating patients with hypernatremia?

    <p>0.45% NS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk when administering hypotonic fluids too quickly?

    <p>Cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of hypokalemia?

    <p>Bilateral muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serum potassium level indicates hyperkalemia?

    <p>5.5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can excessive aldosterone have on potassium levels?

    <p>Decrease potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment for hypokalemia?

    <p>Increase oral potassium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group experiences the highest fluid exchange ratios due to their large body and lung surface areas relative to mass?

    <p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid is typically used to replace hypotonic fluid losses?

    <p>5% in 0.225% dextrose in saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of extracellular volume (ECV) deficit?

    <p>Chronic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solutions is considered hypotonic?

    <p>5% dextrose in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs with aging that affects fluid intake in older adults?

    <p>Blunted thirst sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment goal is essential when managing fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Correcting the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is best indicated for treating symptomatic hyponatremia?

    <p>3.0% NS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a characteristic of older adults regarding body water composition?

    <p>Higher percentage of lean body mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of ECV deficit?

    <p>Dry mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an isotonic solution?

    <p>Expands only the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid contains excess chloride but does not provide free water or calories?

    <p>Ringer’s solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of prolonged vomiting in terms of fluid balance?

    <p>ECV deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid is not typically used for fluid maintenance due to lack of electrolytes?

    <p>5% dextrose in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which IV administration of insulin and glucose helps in lowering elevated serum potassium levels?

    <p>It shifts potassium from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the intracellular fluid (ICF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is often used to increase potassium excretion in patients with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for calcium gluconate in the management of hyperkalemia?

    <p>It temporarily counteracts the effects of hyperkalemia on cardiac excitability by stabilizing the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a large blood transfusion can lead to hypomagnesemia?

    <p>The citrate in blood transfusions can bind to magnesium, reducing its availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct effect of hypercalcemia on magnesium levels?

    <p>Hypercalcemia inhibits the renal reabsorption of magnesium, leading to its excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kayexalate contribute to potassium excretion?

    <p>It binds to potassium in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nursing interventions is appropriate for a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Hold any PO potassium supplements and initiate a potassium-restricted diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid & Electrolytes

    • Fluid and electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolality, and plasma electrolyte concentrations.
    • Imbalances can lead to impaired perfusion, gas exchange, and cerebral function, as well as neuromuscular dysfunction.

    Risk Factors

    • Vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption, fever, excessive or inadequate fluid intake, diuretics, laxatives, antacids, corticosteroids, IV fluids, transfusions, injuries(burns, crush, head), pancreatitis, kidney/liver injury, heart failure, diabetes, cancer, and chronic alcoholism are risk factors for imbalances.
    • Eating disorders can also contribute.

    Causes of Imbalances

    • Fluid and electrolyte output exceeding intake and absorption.
    • Fluid and electrolyte intake exceeding output and absorption capacity
    • Altered fluid and electrolyte distribution.
    • Shifting of fluid from the vascular system to interstitial space resulting in edema.
    • Rapid shifting of extracellular fluid (ECF) to a "third space" leading to ECV deficit.
    • Electrolyte shifts from ECF into other compartments or vice versa.

    Diagnostics

    • Diagnosis often relies on medical history, clinical examination, and laboratory tests evaluating osmolality and electrolyte levels in blood samples.
    • Infants and children have a higher percentage of body water in ECF compared to ICF in the neonatal stage.
    • As they grow, ICF surpasses ECF, and fluid exchange ratios are highest during their early years.
    • Older adults have a decreased fluid intake and blunted thirst sensation.
    • These differences affect fluid and electrolyte management strategies across different age groups.

    IV Fluids

    • Hypotonic solutions provide more water than electrolytes, diluting the extracellular fluid.
    • Isotonic solutions expand the extracellular fluid without altering electrolyte concentrations, primarily used for volume replacement and with blood products.
    • Hypertonic solutions increase the fluid osmolality, primarily used to treat hyponatremia.

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    BSCN 3001 Week 1 Fluids & Electrolytes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts regarding fluid and electrolyte balance, including regulation, imbalances, and risk factors. Understand the causes of disturbances and how they impact bodily functions. Perfect for students in health sciences or nursing courses.

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