Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes diabetes mellitus?
What characterizes diabetes mellitus?
- Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- Excessive excretion of dilute urine
- Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
- High blood sugar levels (correct)
Which component plays a key role in maintaining plasma oncotic pressure?
Which component plays a key role in maintaining plasma oncotic pressure?
- Potassium
- Albumin (correct)
- Sodium
- Chloride
Which substance is defined as a nonelectrolyte?
Which substance is defined as a nonelectrolyte?
- Glucose (correct)
- Sodium chloride (NaCl)
- Potassium chloride (KCl)
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
What is the primary function of buffers in the body?
What is the primary function of buffers in the body?
Which buffer system acts the fastest in the human body?
Which buffer system acts the fastest in the human body?
What does rebreathing CO2 accomplish in terms of acid-base balance?
What does rebreathing CO2 accomplish in terms of acid-base balance?
Which condition can lead to metabolic acidosis?
Which condition can lead to metabolic acidosis?
Which ions are classified as major intracellular cations?
Which ions are classified as major intracellular cations?
Which condition is a direct cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which condition is a direct cause of metabolic alkalosis?
What is the primary affect of diuretic use on acid-base balance?
What is the primary affect of diuretic use on acid-base balance?
In which type of acidosis is airway obstruction primarily involved?
In which type of acidosis is airway obstruction primarily involved?
What indicates that the body is unable to correct an acid-base imbalance?
What indicates that the body is unable to correct an acid-base imbalance?
Which system compensates for metabolic imbalances by altering bicarbonate levels?
Which system compensates for metabolic imbalances by altering bicarbonate levels?
How does the body respond if the respiratory rate is the cause of an imbalance?
How does the body respond if the respiratory rate is the cause of an imbalance?
What happens to potassium levels during severe acidosis initially?
What happens to potassium levels during severe acidosis initially?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct cause of glomerular disease?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct cause of glomerular disease?
Flashcards
Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Insipidus
Excessive dilute urine due to lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
High blood sugar due to insulin deficiency or insensitivity.
Electrolyte
Electrolyte
Substance that dissociates into ions in solution, conducting electricity.
Acid-Base Balance
Acid-Base Balance
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
Bicarbonate Buffer System
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Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Respiratory Alkalosis Prevention
Respiratory Alkalosis Prevention
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Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
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Respiratory Acidosis Causes
Respiratory Acidosis Causes
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Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
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Compensation (Acid-Base)
Compensation (Acid-Base)
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Compensation Types
Compensation Types
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Respiratory Compensation
Respiratory Compensation
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Renal Compensation
Renal Compensation
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Study Notes
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
- Diabetes Insipidus: Excessive dilute urine excretion due to ADH deficiency.
- Diabetes Mellitus: High blood sugar due to insulin deficiency/insensitivity.
- Hypovolemia: Lower blood plasma volume.
- Dehydration: Lower total body water.
- Edema: Swelling caused by increased capillary permeability, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention.
- Albumin: Maintains plasma oncotic pressure.
- Sodium: Influences water movement across cell membranes.
- Total Body Water: Affected by age, body composition, gender, and health.
- Electrolytes: Substances dissociating into ions, conducting electricity.
- Nonelectrolytes: Substances not dissociating, non-conducting.
- Intracellular Cations: Potassium and magnesium.
- Extracellular Cations: Sodium and calcium.
- Intracellular Anions: Phosphate and proteins.
- Extracellular Anions: Chloride and bicarbonate.
Acid-Base Balance
- Acids: Donate hydrogen ions (H+).
- Bases: Accept hydrogen ions.
- pH Scale: Measures acidity/alkalinity (0-14).
- Buffers: Resist pH changes by absorbing/releasing H+.
- Buffer Systems: Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein. (Bicarbonate is fastest, protein is slowest.)
- Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3- (Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme).
- Carbon Dioxide Transport: Primarily as bicarbonate ions.
- Oxygen Transport: Primarily bound to hemoglobin.
- CO2 in Acid-Base Homeostasis: Equivalent to an acid.
- CO2 Rebreathing: Prevents respiratory alkalosis by increasing CO2.
- Metabolic Acidosis Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure.
- Metabolic Alkalosis Causes: Vomiting, excessive antacids, diuretics.
- Respiratory Acidosis Causes: COPD, respiratory depression, airway obstruction.
- Respiratory Alkalosis Causes: Hyperventilation, anxiety, high altitude.
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Serious diabetes complication, high ketones due to insulin deficiency; leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances.
- Potassium in Acidosis: May initially decrease, but can rapidly increase with treatment.
Acid-Base Compensation
- Compensation: Body's response to maintain balance (respiratory or renal).
- Compensation Types:
- No Compensation: Body cannot correct imbalance.
- Partial Compensation: Incomplete response
- Complete Compensation: Restoring normal pH.
- Respiratory System Compensation: Adjusting breathing to change CO2 levels.
- Renal System Compensation: Regulating bicarbonate excretion/retention.
- Complete Compensation: Successful pH restoration, may still have imbalance.
- Kidney's Role: More likely for complete compensation, longer adjustment of bicarbonate.
- Determining the Cause: Analyze pH, pCO2, and HCO3- changes for direction of imbalance.
- Respiratory vs. Compensatory Directions: Opposite direction for respiratory cause, same direction for compensation.
Kidney Dysfunction
- Glomerular Disease/Damage Causes: Diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, infections.
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