Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Quiz

Trousseau's sign is a clinical test for hypocalcemia. Pressing on the brachial artery for a few minutes causes a spasm (contraction) of the hand and fingers.

Chvostek's sign is a clinical test for hypocalcemia. Tapping lightly on the facial nerve causes a twitch of the facial muscles.

Hypocalcemia means low calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms include tingling, muscle spasms, weak bones.

Hypercalcemia means high levels of calcium in the blood.

The mnemonic "moans, bones, stones, and thrones" summarizes the effects of hypercalcemia: Moans refer to CNS effects such as fatigue, memory loss. Bones are associated with painful conditions like osteitis fibrosa cystica. Stones refer to calcium-based kidney stones. Thrones indicate GI symptoms like nausea, vomiting.

Hypophosphatemia is low levels of phosphate in the blood.

Hyperphosphatemia is high levels of phosphate in the blood.

Magnesium is an important mineral that plays a role in regulating blood pressure, enzymatic reactions, and muscle relaxation. Its blood concentration is primarily regulated by the kidneys, with the help of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D.

Hypermagnesemia is a condition where there is too much magnesium in the blood. It commonly occurs due to kidney dysfunction or excessive intake of magnesium-containing laxatives or medications.

Symptoms of hypermagnesemia include nausea, vomiting, altered consciousness, low blood pressure, flushing, and headaches.

Hypomagnesemia refers to a deficiency of magnesium in the blood. It frequently occurs due to conditions like celiac disease, Crohn's disease, malnutrition, alcoholism, or certain medications.

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia include hyperactive reflexes, slow bowel movements, constipation, and agitation.

A buffer system is a mechanism that resists changes in pH. In the body, it helps to maintain acid-base balance.

The serum buffer system is the immediate response to changes in pH, happening within seconds. It involves bases neutralizing acids, proteins binding to hydrogen ions, and potassium exchanging for hydrogen.

The respiratory buffer system operates within minutes to hours, adjusting the breathing rate to regulate carbon dioxide levels. Increased carbon dioxide triggers faster breathing, while decreased carbon dioxide leads to slower breathing.

The renal buffer system takes 2-3 days to respond and continuously regulates pH by producing and recycling bicarbonate, filtering and excreting excess hydrogen ions, and combining ammonia with hydrogen to form ammonium.

Organisms that cause disease in a host.

Round-shaped bacteria.

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

A type of pathogen that causes disease in a host.

Single-celled organisms that can cause harm to a host.

A type of fungal infection.

Parasitic worms that can cause illness in a host.

The process by which a virus enters a host cell and begins to replicate.

The attachment of a virus to a host cell is the first step in the process of viral infection.

An infection that persists in the host for a long time without complete resolution, often without causing acute symptoms.

A type of infection where the pathogen is present but inactive, with the potential to reactivate later.

A test that categorizes bacteria based on their cell wall structure, influencing antibiotic choice.

A method of growing bacteria in a controlled environment to identify their species.

A test that determines which antibiotics are most effective against a specific bacterial infection.

A group of bacteria characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which retains crystal violet stain and makes them appear purple under a microscope.

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which do not retain crystal violet stain and appear pink/red under a microscope.

Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis.

Examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi.

A bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

WBCs isolate and contain the bacteria, preventing it from spreading.

TB bacteria can escape from containment, leading to active infection.

The primary site of hematopoiesis, where all immune cells are produced and B-cells mature.

This organ is the site of T-cell maturation and shrinks from puberty onward.