Fluid Dynamics and Cell Membrane Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the total number of particles in the nucleus of an atom?

  • Positrons and neutrons
  • Protons and electrons
  • Neutrons and electrons
  • Neutrons and positrons (correct)

    • What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

  • Electrons in the outer orbits (correct)
  • Atomic number
  • Protons in the nucleus
  • Atomic weight

    • What is the characteristic of a stable atom?

  • Unbalanced force among nucleus particles
  • Presence of excess neutrons
  • Excess internal energy
  • Full outermost energy level (correct)

    • Which element is an example of an unstable atom?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological regulatory mechanism is primarily responsible for adjusting to changes in acid or base levels?

    <p>Renal mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important buffer system for maintaining constant pH levels?

    <p>Bicarbonate : carbonic acid ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Base deficit or acid excess other than carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is metabolic alkalosis managed?

    <p>Administration of acid-forming compounds like Ammonium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Respiratory depression by drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for managing respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bombarding an atom with neutrons to create a radioactive isotope called?

    <p>Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the osmotic activity of a solution?

    <p>The number of particles (ions) in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is predominantly found in plasma?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of strong acids?

    <p>They readily give up H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells prevent the diffusion of Na+ and Cl- ions?

    <p>By actively extruding Na+ and passively entering Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pH of a fluid?

    <p>The relative number of H+ and OH- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that regulate pH by neutralizing excess H+ ions called?

    <p>Buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of weak bases?

    <p>They slowly release H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting the osmotic activity of a solution?

    <p>The number of particles (ions) in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a weak base compared to a strong base?

    <p>Slowly release H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant anion present in plasma?

    <p>Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the electrolyte concentration in plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Number of particles (ions) in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical signs of hypovolaemia in infants?

    <p>Sunken eyes and depressed fontanels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for hypernatraemia?

    <p>Fluid replacement and correction of underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential functions of potassium (K+)?

    <p>Intracellular cation and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypokalaemia?

    <p>Renal failure and acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the hazards of hypokalemia?

    <p>Decreased nerve and muscle excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical picture of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Increased cell excitability (muscles and nerves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect blood calcium level?

    <p>Parathormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and phytic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of hypercalcaemia?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism as a complication of thyroidectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical picture of hypocalcaemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main extra-cellular cation?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a key role in regulating hydration?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate osmolality?

    <p>Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) = 2(Na+ + K+) + glucose + urea level (mmoI/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for managing water excess?

    <p>Restricting water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical picture of water depletion?

    <p>Intense thirst, weakness, and oliguria with high specific gravity of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily intake of sodium?

    <p>1 mmoL/kg equivalent to 500 ml of 0.9% normal saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyponatremia?

    <p>Abnormal GIT loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone absorbs water through the reabsorption of sodium?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main intracellular cation?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates water resorption from the kidneys?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Chlorine atom: unstable, atomic weight (A.W) can be 35.5 or 36, atomic number (A.N) is 17

    • Isotope formation: bomb an atom with neutron to create a radioactive isotope, increases atomic weight, same atomic number, becomes radioactive

    • Electrolytes: electrically charged particles, can be ions, atoms, large radicals, or molecules

    • Osmotic activity: depends on the number of particles (ions) in a solution, affects the concentration of electrolytes in plasma and interstitial fluid

    • Plasma: contains predominantly Na+ and Cl- ions, osmotic activity is 300 mOsm/l, anion gap is 16 mmol/l

    • Cellular ion transport: cells actively extrude Na+, K+ passively enters, prevents Na+ and Cl- diffusion

    • pH: determined by the relative number of H+ and OH- ions, affects the reaction of fluids

    • Acids and bases: acids yield H+ ions, bases take up H+ ions, strong acids readily give up H+, weak bases less readily accept H+

    • Buffers: substances that regulate pH by neutralizing excess H+ ions

    • Water: adults have approximately 42 liters for men and 55 liters for women, distributed between intracellular and extracellular spaces, plasma, and transcellular fluids, moves freely between compartments to maintain osmolarity equilibrium.

    • Colloid pressure of plasma proteins (25mmHg) draws fluid into the capillaries.

    • Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillary to the interstitial compartment.

    • The cell membrane acts as a barrier between the extra and intracellular space.

    • Na+ is the main extra-cellular cation while K+ is the main intracellular cation.

    • Both cations help control the osmolarity across the cell membrane and hence control water shift between the two spaces.

    • Osmolarity of plasma or ECF is calculated from the formula: Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) = 2(Na+ + K+) + glucose + urea level (mmoI/L)

    • Normal water balance: Water input includes exogenous (drink 1500, food 1000) and endogenous (metabolic water 300-500 cc/dy).

    • Water output includes urine (1500/day), insensible water loss (perspiration 600-800 ml, respiration 400 ml, in the faces ~ 100 ml), and sweat (variable).

    • Insensible water loss is necessary for regulation of body temperature, and the kidneys are the only organs that regulate water loss.

    • The kidneys filter about 170 liters of water every day, 80% of which is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, and 20% is reabsorbed in the distal tubules except for the amount passed as urine.

    • Hydration results in more dilute urine, while dehydration results in a small volume of concentrated urine.

    • Hydration is controlled by two hormones: ADH and aldosterone.

    • ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary under the influence of nervous impulses originating in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and is stimulated by osmoreceptors sensitive to changes in the osmotic pressure of plasma crystalloids.

    • Aldosterone absorbs water through the reabsorption of sodium.

    • Water depletion can be caused by lack of intake, diabetes insipidus, unreplaced losses, or increased output.

    • Water deficit results in a decrease in volume in all body compartments and stimulation of osmoreceptors, leading to an increase in ADH production and increased water resorption from the kidneys.

    • Clinical picture of water depletion includes intense thirst and weakness, decreased tissue turgor, and oliguria with high specific gravity of urine.

    • Management of water depletion includes estimating the deficit, treating with water by mouth, and replacing water with I.V. glucose 5% in severe depletion.

    • Water excess can be caused by excessive administration of water to sodium-depleted patients, over-infusion of 5% glucose I.V, colonic washout with water instead of saline, or T.U.R. syndrome.

    • Water excess results in an increase in volume of all fluid compartments and hypo-osmolality, leading to a decrease in osmoreceptors and ADH production, and an increase in renal water excretion.

    • Clinical picture of water excess includes minimal symptoms such as increased urine volume, body weight, and decreased serum Na+ concentration and hematocrite, or more severe symptoms such as brain edema, nausea, vomiting of clear fluid, and convulsions and coma.

    • Management of water excess includes restricting water intake for mild cases, and forced diuresis with mannitol, dialysis, and I.V. 100-250cc I.V. 5% sodium chloride solution for severe cases.

    • Electrolyte metabolism involves different inorganic salts that are dissociated into positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

    • Under normal conditions, the number of cations (Na+, K+) must equal the number of anions (Cl, HCO3-, Phosphate, sulphate, proteins, and organic acids).

    • The average daily intake of sodium is 1 mmoL/kg, equivalent to 500 ml of 0.9% normal saline.

    • Hyponatremia (sodium and water deficiency) can be caused by abnormal GIT loss, ECF loss, excessive sodium loss in urine, or hypovolaemia and adrenocortical insufficiency, among other causes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of colloid pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and cell membrane permeability in this quiz. Learn about the forces that regulate fluid movement in capillaries and the role of Na+ and K+ in controlling osmolarity across the cell membrane.

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