Fluid Balance in Human Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of an adult's weight is comprised of water?

  • 70%
  • 80%
  • 50%
  • 60% (correct)

Which compartment contains fluid within the cells?

  • Transcellular Fluid
  • Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
  • Interstitital Fluid
  • Intracellular Fluid (ICF) (correct)

What can happen if there is too much fluid movement from ICF to ECF?

  • Cellular hydration
  • Cellular dehydration (correct)
  • Cellular overhydration
  • Increase in blood volume

What is the primary goal of fluid movement between compartments?

<p>Maintain equilibrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each cell to facilitate fluid movement?

<p>Semipermeable membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of colloids?

<p>They have a higher risk of causing allergic reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the intravascular compartment?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a colloid?

<p>Hypertonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting fluid balance?

<p>Hydration level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hypertonic solutions affect cells?

<p>Cells shrink and wrinkle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fluid movement occur between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>By osmosis through a semipermeable membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the tonicity of a solution?

<p>The ability to cause fluid shifts between compartments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group would generally have a higher percentage of body fluids?

<p>Younger people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about crystalloids is true?

<p>They consist of small molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a semipermeable membrane play in fluid movement?

<p>Allows selective movement of fluids and electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypertonic solutions on cells?

<p>Cause cells to shrink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of hypovolemia?

<p>Excessive fluid accumulation between cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with fluid volume deficit?

<p>Thirst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT typically used for diagnosing fluid imbalances?

<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common treatment for dehydration?

<p>Oral hydration and diet maintenance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direction do solute molecules move during diffusion?

<p>From high to low concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in capillaries?

<p>It pushes fluid out of the capillary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a hypertonic solution have on cells?

<p>Cells shrink and wrinkle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a crystalloid?

<p>0.9% NaCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines colloid solutions?

<p>They have large, non-soluble molecules evenly distributed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution is isotonic with blood plasma?

<p>0.9% NaCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells when exposed to hypotonic solutions?

<p>Cells swell and may burst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid should be used to replace blood loss?

<p>Replace with blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the composition of hypotonic solutions?

<p>Low NaCl concentration relative to blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of isotonic solutions on blood plasma volume?

<p>Increases without fluid shift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does maintaining fluid balance help sustain in the body?

<p>Homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a sign of being 'well-hydrated'?

<p>1-2 L of urine/day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT an example of fluid intake?

<p>Sweating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What renal output is typically expected from a 70 kg adult?

<p>70 mL/h (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory value is used to assess hydration status?

<p>Osmolarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of diffusion in the intravascular compartment?

<p>Movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of osmosis in the body?

<p>To equalize concentration between two solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do small pores in capillaries play in the intravascular compartment?

<p>Facilitate the exchange of fluids, gases, nutrients, and wastes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of capillary exchange, what happens due to the opposing forces at the capillary membrane?

<p>A balance between fluid leaving and entering the capillaries is maintained (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the movement of water in osmosis?

<p>Water moves from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing risk for hypovolemia?

<p>Assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following urine colors indicates adequate hydration?

<p>Lemonade color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vital sign would be most relevant for assessment in a patient at risk for hypovolemia?

<p>Blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT commonly assessed to identify risk factors for hypovolemia?

<p>Cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is appropriate for correcting hypovolemia?

<p>Providing oral or IV fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Solution

A mixture where a solvent dissolves solutes.

Solutes

The particles that are dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment in the body, such as fluid balance.

Fluid Balance

A balanced intake and output of fluids.

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Osmolarity

The amount of dissolved particles in a solution.

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Intravascular Compartment

The space inside blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

The force driving fluids from the blood into the tissues at the capillary level.

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Capillary Osmotic Pressure

The force driving fluids from the tissues back into the blood at the capillary level.

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Intravascular fluid

Fluid within blood vessels, containing plasma. This compartment is easily accessible through blood tests.

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Interstitial fluid

Fluid surrounding cells in tissues. It allows for nutrient exchange and waste removal.

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Fluid movement

The movement of fluids between the intracellular fluid (inside cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells) to maintain a balance.

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Semipermeable membrane

A semipermeable membrane allows for the movement of fluids and electrolytes between compartments. It acts like a filter, letting some substances through while blocking others.

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Factors affecting fluid balance

Factors influencing fluid balance in the body, including age, gender, and body fat composition.

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BUN

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) is a measure of nitrogen in the blood, primarily from urea, which is a waste product of protein metabolism. Higher levels of BUN indicate impaired kidney function.

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Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle breakdown. The kidneys filter creatinine out of the blood. High levels of creatinine in blood indicate poor kidney function.

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Hematocrit

Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. It reflects the concentration of red blood cells, which are essential for oxygen transport.

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ICF & ECF

The space within the cells of your body is called the intracellular fluid (ICF), and fluid outside the cells is called extracellular fluid (ECF). It's like a city - cells are buildings, ICF is what's INSIDE, and ECF is what's OUTSIDE.

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Body Fluid Dynamic

Body fluid, made of water and other dissolved substances, is constantly moving between the ICF and ECF to maintain a healthy balance. Too much fluid moving out of cells can cause dehydration, for example.

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Hydrostatic pressure

Pressure exerted by blood within a capillary, pushing fluid out into the surrounding tissues.

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Osmotic pressure

Pressure drawing fluid into the capillary from the surrounding tissues, caused by differences in solute concentrations.

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Crystalloid fluids

Fluid solutions containing small, dissolved mineral ions, like salts. Examples include saline (0.9% NaCl) and Ringer's lactate.

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Colloid fluids

Fluids containing large, non-soluble molecules evenly distributed in solution, like albumin or plasma proteins. They help maintain blood volume.

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What are Colloids?

Colloids are fluids with large molecules, like albumin or blood products. They help increase blood volume efficiently but carry a higher risk of allergic reactions.

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What are Crystalloids?

Crystalloids are fluids with small molecules, like those found in hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. The risk of using a crystalloid depends on the specific type.

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What is Tonicity?

Tonicity measures a fluid's ability to cause water movement between compartments, affecting cell hydration and size. It's compared to the NaCl content of the solution.

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What does a Hypertonic Solution do to cells?

Hypertonic solutions draw water out of cells, making them shrink and wrinkle. Think of them as shrinking cells.

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What does a Hypotonic Solution do to cells?

Hypotonic solutions push water into cells, causing them to swell. Think of them as plumping up cells.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell, maintaining normal cell function.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell, causing water to move out and the cell to shrink.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell, causing water to move in and the cell to swell, potentially bursting.

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Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)

A fluid that's commonly used in medical settings to expand blood plasma volume and hydrate patients without shifting fluids between compartments.

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Hypotonic Solution (0.45% NaCl)

A solution that assists in moving fluids from the extracellular fluid (ECF) to the intracellular fluid (ICF), effectively hydrating the body's cells.

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Hypovolemia

A state where the body has a low volume of blood.

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Hypervolemia

A state where the body has a high volume of blood.

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What is the first step in assessing hypovolemia?

The first step in assessing hypovolemia is to gather information about the patient's condition.

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What vital signs are assessed for hypovolemia?

Regularly checking vital signs like blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and oxygen saturation is crucial in assessing hypovolemia.

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How is urine color used to assess hydration?

Checking urine color is a simple way to gauge a patient's hydration status.

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Fluid Volume Disturbance

A shift of fluid from the intracellular compartment (inside cells) to the extracellular compartment (outside cells).

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Hypertonic

A fluid imbalance characterized by a higher concentration of sodium and other solutes in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compared to the intracellular fluid (ICF).

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3% NaCl Solution

A type of hypertonic solution containing 3% sodium chloride (NaCl).

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Thirst

A symptom of fluid imbalance, usually caused by dehydration, where a person feels excessively thirsty.

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