Flu Vaccines and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What form does the flu shot use to prepare the body for the flu?

  • Flu particles
  • Live bacteria
  • Dead or inactivated flu virus (correct)
  • Weak, living flu virus

    • Which structure facilitates the movement of water in and out of cells?

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Protein channels (correct)

    • Anabolism is best described as the process of:

  • Building up smaller molecules into larger ones (correct)
  • Transporting substances across a membrane
  • Releasing energy from ATP
  • Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

    • Which organelle primarily generates ATP in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the egg-free flu vaccine?

    <p>Proteins from the flu virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase describes the point when bacteria die off faster than they reproduce?

    <p>Death phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binary fission is characterized as:

    <p>The way bacteria reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines primarily help the body produce what to combat infections?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport can be likened to which scenario?

    <p>Pushing a ball uphill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the flu vaccine?

    <p>To condition the immune system for future encounters with the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is considered a macronutrient essential for cellular functions?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is present in the nasal spray flu vaccine?

    <p>Live, attenuated (weakened) flu virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion in cellular processes?

    <p>Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which bacterial growth phase is the replication rate at its peak?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herd immunity primarily relies on what condition for its effectiveness?

    <p>Vaccination of the majority of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of fermentation in anoxic conditions?

    <p>To recycle NAD+ for glycolysis continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in cellular respiration?

    <p>Electron carriers to the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth phase of bacteria is characterized by metabolic activity but no division?

    <p>Lag phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the movement of molecules across a membrane without energy usage?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the outcome of osmosis in cellular terms?

    <p>Water movement aimed at equalizing solute concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaerobic respiration, which compound would NOT serve as a final electron acceptor?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes herd immunity?

    <p>When most individuals in a population are immune to a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor of the flu vaccine's effectiveness timeline is critical for optimal immunity?

    <p>Two weeks for full immunity development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option for flu vaccination is specifically designed for individuals allergic to eggs?

    <p>Egg-free vaccine (RIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a hypertonic solution affecting cells?

    <p>Leads to cell shrinkage as water exits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is characterized by movement from high to low concentration without the use of energy?

    <p>Simple diffusion of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for the active site function of an enzyme?

    <p>The structural configuration facilitating substrate interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are flu vaccines primarily cultivated for use?

    <p>Using live weakened flu viruses in egg cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does aerobic respiration primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

    <p>To act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by stable population size, where the rate of new cell formation equals the rate of cell death?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport does not require any energy input from the cell?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the flu shot help your body fight off the flu?

    <p>It trains your immune system to recognize and attack flu viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does a cell actively expel substances against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is primarily produced during aerobic respiration and serves as the energy currency of the cell?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not occur during the electron transport chain?

    <p>Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune response is primarily responsible for the specific recognition of pathogens?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aerobic respiration, which of the following best describes the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a flu vaccine?

    <p>To train your immune system to recognize and fight the flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a macronutrient that cells need?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flu shot contains:

    <p>Dead flu virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport requires energy from the cell?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal spray flu vaccine contains:

    <p>Weak but alive virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ATP do for cells?

    <p>Acts as a cell’s battery to power reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enzyme’s main function?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Movement of molecules with the help of a protein, no energy required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in osmosis?

    <p>Water moves across a membrane to balance solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by rapid cell division?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herd immunity works best when:

    <p>Most of the population is vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a micronutrient?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH and FADH₂ in respiration?

    <p>They carry electrons to the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does the flu shot prepare the body for the flu?

    <p>Dead or inactivated flu virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps water move in and out of cells?

    <p>Protein channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anabolism refers to:

    <p>Building up smaller molecules into larger ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for generating ATP?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The egg-free flu vaccine is made using:

    <p>Proteins from the flu virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do bacteria begin to die faster than they can reproduce?

    <p>Death phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binary fission?

    <p>The way bacteria reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiration does not require oxygen?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do vaccines help your body create to fight infections?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport is like:

    <p>Pushing a ball uphill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause a flu infection?

    <p>Live viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flu shot is recommended for which group of people?

    <p>Anyone 6 months and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?

    <p>Water and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

    <p>To break down glucose into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentation is most commonly associated with:

    <p>Lactic acid production in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps flu vaccines change every year?

    <p>New flu viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocytosis is:

    <p>When cells engulf substances to bring them in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fermentation’s main purpose in cells?

    <p>To keep glycolysis running when oxygen is not available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of bacterial growth has no cell division occurring?

    <p>Lag phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for the flu vaccine to become effective in your body?

    <p>Two weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are flu vaccines typically produced?

    <p>From the flu virus grown in eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process moves particles from high to low concentration without energy?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaerobic respiration, which is not used as a final electron acceptor?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>When most of the population is vaccinated, protecting those who aren’t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an enzyme’s active site?

    <p>To bind the substrate for a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flu nasal spray vaccine is made from:

    <p>Weak flu viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the death phase in bacterial growth occur?

    <p>When nutrients run out and waste accumulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flu vaccine option is best for people with egg allergies?

    <p>Egg-free vaccine (RIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a cell is in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell shrinks as water leaves it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process uses oxygen to generate the most ATP?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle does aerobic respiration primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

    <p>To act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by stable population size, where the rate of new cell formation equals the rate of cell death?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport does not require any energy input from the cell?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the flu shot help your body fight off the flu?

    <p>It trains your immune system to recognize and attack flu viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flu Vaccines

    • Flu vaccines train the immune system to recognize and fight the flu virus.
    • They contain either inactivated (dead) or weakened live viruses.
    • The nasal spray vaccine uses a weakened live virus.
    • Egg-free vaccines use proteins from the flu virus.
    • Flu vaccines are recommended for people 6 months and older.
    • It takes about two weeks for the vaccine to become fully effective.
    • Flu vaccines are updated annually to address new virus strains.

    Metabolism & Cellular Processes

    • Macronutrients, such as oxygen, are essential for cellular processes.
    • Micronutrients, like zinc, are also necessary, but in smaller amounts.
    • ATP is the cell's energy currency, powering various reactions.
    • Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.
    • Anabolism builds larger molecules from smaller ones; catabolism breaks them down.
    • Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration.
    • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
    • Passive transport (simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis) doesn't require energy.
    • Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane to equalize solute concentrations.
    • Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels to move molecules across membranes.

    Microbiology & Bacterial Growth

    • Bacteria reproduce through binary fission.
    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic respiration does not.
    • Aerobic respiration produces water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
    • Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, a starting point for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
    • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen, producing lactic acid (e.g., in muscles).
    • Bacterial growth phases: lag (adjustment), log (exponential growth), stationary (growth equals death), death (death rate exceeds growth).
    • Herd immunity protects a population by vaccinating a significant portion to reduce disease transmission.

    Flu Vaccines

    • Flu vaccines prepare the body to fight the flu without causing illness.
    • Vaccines contain either dead or weakened flu viruses.
    • The flu shot is administered via injection and contains dead or inactivated flu virus.
    • The nasal spray flu vaccine contains a weakened but alive virus.
    • The egg-free flu vaccine is made using proteins from the flu virus.
    • Flu vaccines help the immune system recognize and fight off the flu virus.
    • The flu shot typically takes two weeks to become effective.
    • Flu vaccines are produced using flu viruses grown in eggs.

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
    • Macronutrients are essential nutrients required in large amounts by cells, including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen.
    • Micronutrients are essential nutrients required in smaller amounts, including zinc, iron.
    • ATP is the cell's energy currency.
    • Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
    • Active transport requires energy from the cell to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.
    • Passive transport does not require energy, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
    • Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

    Respiration

    • Respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy.
    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces the most ATP (water and carbon dioxide).
    • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen (fermentation produces lactic acid).
    • Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, breaking down glucose to pyruvate.
    • Krebs cycle is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria.
    • Electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration.
    • NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers.

    Bacterial Growth

    • Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
    • Lag phase: Bacteria are adjusting to their environment, no cell division.
    • Log phase: Bacteria reproduce rapidly, exponential growth.
    • Stationary phase: The rate of new cell formation equals the rate of cell death.
    • Death phase: The rate of cell death exceeds the rate of new cell formation.

    Cell Transport

    • Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf substances to bring them into the cell.
    • Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel substances from the cell.

    Herd Immunity

    • Herd immunity is the indirect protection of unvaccinated individuals when a large proportion of the population is immune.

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    Chapter 6 & 7 Quiz PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on flu vaccines and their role in fighting influenza. Additionally, explore the basics of metabolism and cellular processes that power our bodies. This quiz combines important concepts in immunology and biochemistry for a comprehensive understanding.

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